Key terms & definitions

The movement of people from one place to another to live.

The directed movement of particles from one place to another.

The regular movement of organisms between areas, often at different times of year.

The movement of people from one country or region to another to live there.

The movement of people from one place to another to live, often to find work or improve their lives.

Movement of people from one area to another within a country or between countries.

The movement of people from one place to another to live.

A woman who has left her native country to live elsewhere, often for political reasons.

A niche in a mosque wall which indicates the direction of prayer.

An angel associated with mercy who provides rain and nourishment for life on Earth by Allah’s command; also known as Michael.

Long-term variations in the shape of Earth's orbit, its axial tilt and the direction of its axis, which alter the distribution of incoming solar radiation.

An obligatory or commanded war in Jewish teaching, including war understood as fulfilling a divine command or necessary defence against attack.

A permitted or optional war, rather than one commanded by God; in classical Jewish teaching it requires the approval of the Sanhedrin.

An iron–carbon alloy with a low carbon content; it is tough and readily shaped, cut and welded.

A Buddhist text known as the Questions of King Milinda, containing the dialogue between King Milinda and the monk Nagasena, including the chariot analogy.

Confrontational campaigning that can involve breaking the law or damaging property to put pressure on those in power.

The belief that fighting can serve Christianity and that warriors can carry out a religious duty through warfare.

Workers prepared to use determined industrial action, especially strikes, to press their demands rather than relying only on negotiation or parliamentary reform.

The belief that a strong military and military values should dominate society and government.

Military personnel sent to advise and train another country’s armed forces.

An agreement under which a captain recruited and led troops to serve the Crown for payment, also called an indenture.

A change in military organisation, recruitment, training, weapons or the ways armies fight.

Prestige and authority gained through success in warfare.

The honour associated with successful warfare, including defeating enemies, gaining territory and receiving public recognition.

A government controlled by a group of military leaders.

The organisation of supplies, money, transport and materials needed to keep an army operating.

A religious community whose members included men authorised to bear arms, combining religious commitment with military responsibilities.

An agreement between countries to cooperate on military or security matters.

The body associated with the Petrograd Soviet through which Trotsky coordinated armed forces and the seizure of key locations during the October/November Revolution.

The organisation within the Petrograd Soviet through which Trotsky coordinated Red Guards, soldiers and sailors for the October 1917 uprising.