Key terms & definitions

Giving something praise, prestige or honour, making it appear especially worthy of admiration.

The presentation of warfare as admirable, noble or desirable, for example through praise of courage, beautiful imagery or promises of lasting fame.

The overthrow of James II in 1688 and his replacement by William III and Mary II in 1689. It strengthened Parliament’s role in determining who could rule.

Fame and renown gained through admired achievements, especially exceptional deeds in battle; in epic, this reputation may survive a warrior’s death.

A shiny surface finish that reflects light strongly.

A wooden splint whose flame has been blown out but whose hot tip continues to glow.

A thin wooden stick with a hot, glowing end but no flame, used to test for oxygen gas.

A hormone released by the pancreas when blood glucose is too low; it causes stored glycogen to be converted to glucose and released into the blood.

(HT only) A hormone released by the pancreas that raises blood glucose concentration by causing stored glycogen in the liver to be converted into glucose and released into the blood.

A soluble sugar produced by photosynthesis and used as a respiratory substrate or as the starting material for other biological molecules.

A sugar made during photosynthesis, in which some of the absorbed light energy is stored chemically.

A sugar produced during photosynthesis, used by plants in respiration and to make other molecules.

A sugar that is broken down during respiration to release energy.

The muscles of the buttocks that help move the upper leg at the hip.

The elastic protein network developed when wheat flour is mixed with liquid and kneaded, helping dough hold together and stretch.

A three-carbon alcohol that forms the central backbone of a triglyceride.

A small molecule that joins to fatty acids to form lipids; one glycerol molecule forms the backbone of a triglyceride.

A carbohydrate made from glucose and stored mainly in liver and muscle cells.

A carbohydrate that stores glucose in animal cells, particularly liver and muscle cells.

A stored form of carbohydrate found in muscles and the liver, which can be used to supply energy for exercise.

A storage form of carbohydrate found in the liver and muscles, which can be used to provide fuel for activity.

A country’s total income, including net income received from abroad, divided by its population. It is an average, not everyone’s actual income.

The total annual income earned by a country's people and businesses, including income earned abroad, divided by its population.

A particular benefit or change that an action is intended to achieve.

The process of setting targets that a performer aims to achieve through training or competition.

An immortal supernatural being who can influence human lives and events; Homer’s gods also display recognisably human emotions and loyalties.

A male religious leader in pre-Christian Viking society; a local magnate could perform this role at major sacrifices.

A triangular fabric panel inserted into a seam or opening to add fullness and flare.

Using God to explain something because a natural explanation is currently unknown.

A person who promises at a child’s baptism to support their Christian upbringing and pray for them.