Key terms & definitions

A shelter where cows are cared for and protected, including cows that no longer produce milk.

The revelation given by Allah to Isa (Jesus), known in Arabic as the Injil.

The Soviet State Committee for Planning, which converted national economic objectives into detailed production targets.

A literary mode that uses secrecy, confinement, threatening settings and apparently supernatural events to create fear and uncertainty.

A tradition of stories featuring threatening or decaying settings, secrets and supernatural danger, often bringing the past into conflict with the present.

A character who can be interpreted as reflecting another character’s identity, desires or fears. Bertha can be read as Jane’s Gothic double through their shared associations with confinement and uncontrolled anger.

Fiction that creates fear and mystery through features such as confinement, threatening buildings, concealed secrets and apparently supernatural events.

A literary genre associated with terror, mystery, threatening or supernatural events, gloomy settings and the crossing of forbidden boundaries.

The rules, institutions and decision-making processes through which resources are managed, including enforcement and community participation.

A woman employed to educate children in a private household. Her education could distinguish her from other servants, while her paid employment separated her from the family.

An organisation that oversees a sport, including its rules and competitions.

The people who direct the state and make decisions about how a country is governed.

The authorities responsible for governing a country, including setting and enforcing laws and collecting taxes.

The people responsible for running the country and developing and carrying out policies, led by the Prime Minister.

The practical organisation and work needed to put government decisions into effect and deliver public services.

Money owed by the government to its lenders, including borrowing used to pay for war.

An organisation responsible for a particular area of government work, such as transport or defence. Most are led by ministers.

Media financed directly through government money, rather than principally through sales or advertising.

Funding provided directly by government, for example for a public information campaign.

Funding provided by government for an eligible business or purpose, which normally does not have to be repaid if its conditions are met.

Money provided by government to another organisation or level of government to help fund its work.

A power-sharing government formed after the 1994 election, bringing the ANC, National Party and Inkatha Freedom Party into the cabinet.

Decisions and actions taken by a government to achieve particular economic or social goals.

Money received by government, mainly through taxation.

An official responsible for governing a territory on behalf of a ruler.

The senior official responsible for overseeing British government in India; Warren Hastings became the first Governor-General of Bengal.

God's freely given, undeserved favour and help, through which salvation is made possible.

A particular version of a material with specified properties or composition.

The rate at which a value changes with distance. On a contour map, gradient describes how steeply the land rises or falls.

The change in the vertical quantity divided by the change in the horizontal quantity on a graph.