Key terms & definitions

A landscape shaped by moving ice, including landforms left after the ice has melted.

A colder interval when ice sheets and glaciers expand.

The movement of a glacier's end back towards its source when ice loss exceeds the replacement of ice through snowfall.

A mixture of sediment of different sizes deposited directly by glacial ice.

A wide, steep-sided, broadly flat-bottomed valley formed by glacial erosion; also called a U-shaped valley.

A landscape shaped by ice sheets or glaciers in the past.

An area of high land whose landscape has been shaped by glaciers, often with steep mountains, broad valleys and lakes.

An area of high land whose landforms were shaped by glaciers in the past.

A large mass of ice formed from compressed snow that moves slowly under gravity.

A trained arena fighter who fought other gladiators using specialised weapons and defensive equipment.

A short, double-edged Roman sword particularly suited to thrusting in close combat.

An organ that produces and secretes a substance; an endocrine gland releases hormones into the blood.

Gorbachev’s policy of greater openness, allowing more public discussion and criticism of government policies and past abuses.

An unofficial barrier, often caused by prejudice, that prevents women from reaching senior positions.

An invisible barrier that prevents women from reaching senior positions in employment despite having relevant abilities or qualifications.

Abrasive-coated paper used to smooth and refine a surface; commonly called sandpaper.

Heated, softened glass material that can be shaped in a mould; it need not be completely molten.

A composite consisting of glass fibres held together in a polymer resin matrix.

The Soviet censorship organisation, known as the Main Administration for Literary and Publishing Affairs, which controlled publication and access to information.

A coating, such as egg wash, syrup or a reduced sauce, used to give food a shiny finish and sometimes change its flavour or surface texture.

Coating food with a liquid such as beaten egg, syrup or sauce to improve its colour, shine, flavour or finish.

Someone who collects grain left behind in a field after the main harvest.

A singing group performing short songs called glees, historically often for male voices but also for female or mixed voices.

The Nazi process of bringing government institutions and other organisations into line with Nazi authority.

A reflection followed by a translation parallel to the mirror line, which cannot in general be replaced by a single reflection, rotation or translation.

Twilight or dusk.

The worldwide system of air movements that redistributes heat from equatorial regions towards the poles.

The variety of species across the whole planet.

Recognising responsibilities towards people and the environment beyond national borders.

A city with major influence on the global economy through activities such as finance, business and international connections.