Key terms & definitions

Expansion through combining with or gaining control of another business, using a merger or takeover.

A benefit or cost of an activity experienced by other people who are not directly involved in that activity.

Believing that outcomes depend mainly on forces outside one’s control, such as luck, fate or other people.

A skill whose start and speed, rate or pace are controlled by external factors, such as an opponent or an incoming ball.

A penetration test in which the tester starts without any login details for the target system, to imitate an attack from outside.

Filling a vacancy with someone from outside the business.

The consistency of a measure from one use to another.

Funding obtained from outside a business, such as borrowing, investment from new shareholders or government grants.

An individual or group outside a business, such as a customer, supplier or local resident, that affects or is affected by its activities.

Describes a species with no living members.

The permanent loss of a species after all its members have died.

The permanent loss of a species when all its members have died.

A cover used to put out a flame by depriving it of air. The Ghost’s extinguisher-cap can symbolise the suppression of memory and moral understanding.

Using threats to demand money or something else from another person.

An enzyme released from a cell that breaks down substances outside that cell.

To read and report information presented in a chart, graph or table without adding an explanation.

An essay task requiring analysis of a printed passage and relevant parts of the same work elsewhere.

Obtaining a metal from the compound in which it occurs naturally.

The process of obtaining a metal from its ore.

Notation that is unnecessary within data entries used for processing, such as repeated unit labels when the unit is already stated in the column heading.

A character or notation that is not needed in the values being processed, such as a unit label attached to each number in a spreadsheet column.

A factor other than the one being investigated that could affect the outcome of an experiment.

A variable other than the independent variable that could affect the dependent variable.

Additional taxation granted by Parliament to meet exceptional expenses, especially the costs of war.

Political activity outside Parliament, such as petitions, demonstrations and organised campaigns, intended to influence parliamentary decisions.

Estimating a value beyond the range of the available data, assuming that the trend continues.

Estimating a value beyond the range covered by measured data, by extending a graph’s trend.

An estimate made beyond the measured range by extending an observed trend.

An estimate read from a graph beyond the range of measured values.

Estimating a value beyond the range of the collected data by extending a line or curve.