Key terms & definitions

A loop whose number of repetitions is determined by a count.

A programmed function that keeps track of a number of events or repetitions, increasing or decreasing its stored value.

A reason someone might give for opposing the writer’s position.

A point that challenges another argument or viewpoint, supported by evidence and reasons.

An alternative argument or interpretation that tests or qualifies your main view.

An opposing argument that a writer considers and responds to while developing their own position.

A reasoned argument that challenges another argument.

Varying the order of conditions across participants to balance order effects; for two conditions, half complete A then B and half complete B then A.

A hole enlarged at its opening by a cylindrical, flat-bottomed recess.

A cultural movement, particularly associated with young people in the 1960s, which challenged mainstream values and promoted alternative ways of living.

A set of shared values and behaviours which opposes the dominant values of an institution or society.

A way of life that challenges the values and behaviour accepted by mainstream society.

A particular example for which a general claim is false. One counter-example is enough to disprove a claim about every case.

A value or example that shows a general claim is false.

Measures intended to defeat an armed rebellion, including military action and attempts to reduce popular support for the rebels.

Measures used to defeat an armed rebellion, including military action and efforts to reduce the rebels’ support among civilians.

A planned offensive undertaken in response to an enemy’s attacks, intended to regain the initiative.

The Catholic movement to strengthen the Church, reform abuses and resist the spread of Protestantism.

An interpretation which challenges revisionist defences of appeasement, especially by arguing that Chamberlain had alternatives despite the difficulties he faced.

Someone accused of opposing or trying to reverse a revolution. In Mao’s China, the CCP used this label against people it regarded as threats to communist rule.

A pupil group’s shared norms and values which oppose the school’s expectations, giving members status for rejecting academic work and authority.

A pupil subculture which rejects the school's authority, norms and values and replaces them with its own anti-school expectations.

A tapered recess at the entrance to a hole that allows a suitable screw head to sit flush with the surface.

A screw head shaped to sit level with or below the surrounding surface when fitted into a matching recess.

A hole with a flared, sloping recess at its opening that allows a matching screw head to sit flush with the surface.

Measures intended to prevent terrorist attacks, identify those planning them and respond to threats.

Measures taken to prevent terrorism, protect people and bring those responsible to justice.

A representation that challenges or reverses an established stereotype.

The movement of people from towns and cities to rural areas.

Movement of people from urban areas to rural areas.