Edexcel GCSE Geography B key terms

The total value of goods and services produced within a country in a year.

The total income received by a country’s residents and businesses, including income from overseas.

The part of the year when conditions allow plants to grow.

A barrier built at right angles to the shoreline to trap sediment transported by longshore drift.

The use of artificial structures to control floodwater or protect land and property from flooding.

Actions that reduce the harm caused by a natural hazard, including preparation, emergency response and long-term planning.

A section of land that projects into the sea beyond the surrounding coastline.

A volcanic area supplied by rising hot mantle material, which can occur within a plate rather than at its boundary.

Whether housing costs are manageable in relation to people's incomes.

Whether enough suitable homes are available for people who need them.

The way a household occupies its home, for example through owner occupation, private renting or social renting.

A composite measure combining health, education and income indicators, scored from 0 to 1; higher values indicate higher human development.

A feature created or substantially modified by people, such as a road, settlement or drainage ditch.

The features of an area created or shaped by people, including its population, economic activities and settlements.

Erosion caused by the force of moving water dislodging material from a river’s bed or banks.

Electricity generated when moving water turns turbines, often using water released from a reservoir behind a dam.

A prediction made before an investigation that can be tested using evidence.

A cylinder of ice drilled from a glacier or ice sheet, containing layers and trapped air that preserve evidence of past conditions.

Rock formed when molten rock cools and solidifies.

An inter-governmental organisation: an organisation formed by member governments to work on shared aims. The World Bank and IMF are examples.

The Index of Multiple Deprivation: a measure combining several dimensions of disadvantage to compare small areas. An area's result does not describe every individual living there.

Moving to establish usual residence in another country for at least 12 months, or with the intention of staying for at least 12 months, under Eurostat's definition.

Goods or services bought from another country.

The way total income is shared between people or households.

The official measure of relative deprivation for small areas in England, combining seven weighted domains.

A change produced through an intervening process or consequence, such as groynes reducing sediment supply to beaches farther along the coast.

The change from a mainly agricultural economy towards one increasingly dependent on manufacturing industries.

Land used for activities such as manufacturing, processing and storing goods.