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Sending convicted offenders overseas to serve their punishment in a colony.

Punishment involving removal to an overseas penal colony, where the convicted person was required to serve their sentence.

Although forming a union was no longer illegal, the oath provided grounds for prosecution. They were convicted and sentenced to seven years’ transportation to Australia. They became known as the Tolpuddle Martyrs because supporters regarded them as suffering unjustly for defending workers’ interests.

The punishment of sending a convicted prisoner overseas to serve a sentence.

For change, explain what was new: transportation removed offenders overseas, while the Bloody Code increased the number of offences carrying the death penalty.

Explain the ending of transportation through several connected factors: cost, colonial opposition, doubts about deterrence and the availability of imprisonment.

Keep examples within c.1688–c.1730: the Great Famine and transportation to Australia belong to later periods.

Sending convicted offenders overseas to serve their sentences, usually through compulsory labour.

During James I's reign, transportation began to be used to send offenders to England's new colonies in North America. Rather than simply punishing someone at home, authorities removed that person from the country and required them to work overseas.

Sending convicted offenders overseas to serve their sentences, including in penal colonies.

The compulsory removal of convicted people overseas as a punishment, often followed by a fixed period of compulsory labour.

Convict transportation was a clearer form of compulsory movement. It had expanded in the later seventeenth century, and the Transportation Act of 1718 established terms of seven years’ service for lesser crimes and fourteen years for offences punishable by death.

Punishment involving sending a convicted person overseas.

The 1751 Gin Act tightened control over sellers: only those paying rent and taxes could sell gin. It also introduced progressively tougher punishments for illegal selling, including whipping and imprisonment, with transportation for those caught three times.

Sending convicted offenders overseas to work in colonies as a punishment.

Sending convicted offenders overseas to serve their sentences, usually through compulsory labour in a colony.

Transportation

Definition

How each exam board covers it

AQA GCSE History · 8145

Exam tips

Revise History with GradeGen

Edexcel GCSE History · 1HI0

OCR GCSE History A · J410

OCR GCSE History B · J411