History key terms

A worker specialising in shoeing horses.

An extreme nationalist political position; groups active in Notting Hill promoted racial exclusion and hostility towards non-white migrants.

A framework worn beneath a skirt to hold it out in a fashionable shape.

Lists recording Roman office-holders, including the consuls traditionally associated with each year of the Republic.

A Palestinian nationalist movement led by Yasser Arafat whose armed groups carried out raids against Israel. It was initially separate from the PLO.

A Shiʿa Muslim dynasty based in Egypt, with a rival caliphate in Cairo. The Fatimids recovered Jerusalem in 1098 before losing it to the crusaders in 1099.

Sworn loyalty to a lord or ruler.

Palestinian armed fighters who carried out raids into Israel; Egypt supported their raids during the 1950s.

The authority of the national government of the United States, as distinct from state, territorial or local government.

The national government of the United States, whose authority operates across the states.

The West German state formed in May 1949 from the Western occupation zones of Germany.

A military tactic in which troops pretend to flee, encouraging their opponents to leave a strong defensive position before turning to attack them.

A deceptive military movement intended to mislead an opponent about what an army plans to do.

The movement for equality between women and men, including equal legal rights, opportunities and treatment.

The Fair Employment Practices Commission, established by Roosevelt's Executive Order 8802 in 1941 to address discrimination in defence employment.

Roman religious officials concerned with procedures surrounding treaties, demands for redress and declarations of war.

Payments and rights arising from feudal landholding at particular occasions, such as inheritance, the wardship of a child heir or marriage.

A system in which land was held from a superior lord in return for obligations such as loyalty, military service or labour.

A system in which land was held from a lord in return for obligations such as service and payments.

Soldiers raised through obligations owed by landholders to their lords.

A ruler or lord to whom other lords owed loyalty and obligations. Overlordship did not necessarily mean direct government of every territory.

Military service owed to a lord or monarch as part of the obligations attached to holding land.

A hierarchy of landholding in which people held land from a superior lord in return for obligations, including loyalty, payments and military service.

The German word for ‘leader’; the title Hitler adopted when he combined the offices of president and chancellor in August 1934.

The idealised image promoted by Nazi propaganda of Hitler as a heroic, wise and unfailing leader who represented Germany.

The ‘leader principle’: the belief that a single leader should have unquestioned authority.

A title meaning ‘Defender of the Faith’, awarded to Henry VIII by Pope Leo X in 1521 for defending Catholic teaching against Lutheranism.

An estate held from a lord in return for services or other obligations.

A mobile RAMC medical unit that treated casualties and established dressing stations; it was not an ambulance vehicle.

A person around whom supporters unite; Mary served this role for opponents who wanted a Catholic monarch.