Key terms & definitions

The arrangements for responding to offending by children, including prevention, support, court proceedings and supervision of sentences.

A local team that assesses and supports children involved with the law, advises courts and supervises young people serving sentences.

An age within the repeating Hindu cycle of four ages.

The revelation given by Allah to Dawud, associated with the Psalms and containing prayers and songs of praise.

A letter from Guru Gobind Singh to the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb which challenges injustice and explains when resistance is justified.

Obligatory charitable giving in Islam, through which eligible Muslims share wealth with those entitled to receive it.

Obligatory charitable giving required of Muslims whose wealth meets the qualifying threshold.

Charitable giving associated with the end of Ramadan and Id-ul-Fitr, helping people in need share in the celebration.

Charity given at the end of Ramadan, before the Id prayer, to help poorer people share in Id-ul-Fitr.

A local landholder with rights to collect a share of agricultural revenue.

The well associated in Islamic tradition with Allah providing water for Hajar and Ismail.

A member of a Shi’a tradition that requires an Imam to be a qualified descendant of Hasan or Husayn who actively challenges injustice, and rejects Twelver belief in a continuing Hidden Imam.

Seated meditation practised in Zen Buddhism to develop awareness and insight into the nature of existence.

Intense enthusiasm and commitment to a belief or cause.

A pattern showing no apparent upward or downward trend between two numerical variables.

No apparent association between the two measured variables.

The aim of getting work right first time, rather than accepting faults and correcting them later.

An equipment fault in which an instrument gives a non-zero reading when the quantity being measured is zero.

A measurement error caused by a reading or reference position being displaced from its correct zero.

An employment arrangement in which no minimum number of working hours is guaranteed and work is offered as required.

An employment contract under which an employer does not guarantee a minimum number of working hours.

A positive and a negative quantity of equal magnitude that combine to make zero, such as $6+(-6)$.

A sensitive instrument that detects small currents and shows their direction using deflections on either side of zero.

The rule that if a product is zero, at least one of its factors must be zero.

The rule that if a product is zero, at least one of its factors must be zero: if $AB=0$, then $A=0$ or $B=0$.

The third of Athens’ four property classes, whose members became eligible for the archonship in 457/6 BC.

The Athenian property class that could generally afford hoplite equipment.

Zeus in his role as protector of strangers and guest-friendship.

The Bolshevik women's organisation established in 1919 to improve women's rights and position in society.

A German message intercepted by British intelligence in January 1917 proposing an alliance with Mexico against the USA and assistance in recovering lost territory.