Key terms & definitions

A single-celled fungus that supplies the enzymes needed to ferment sugars.

A single-celled fungus used in bread making because it releases carbon dioxide when it ferments sugars.

Racist ideas portraying Chinese and other East Asian people as a threat to Western societies. These were prejudiced beliefs, not reliable descriptions of migrants.

A farmer who owned and worked their own land, sometimes employing labourers.

The human inclination towards wrongdoing, which a person must learn to control.

The inclination towards selfishness or wrongdoing in Jewish teaching.

The human inclination towards good actions.

The inclination towards goodness in Jewish teaching.

A language historically spoken by many Jewish communities in Central and Eastern Europe.

The amount of agricultural produce obtained from a given area of land.

The amount of crop or other agricultural product produced, often measured per unit area.

The amount of product obtained from a chemical reaction.

The amount of useful crop harvested, often measured per unit area of farmland.

The number of usable pieces that can be obtained from a sheet or length of stock.

The value of the vertical-axis quantity where a graph crosses the vertical axis, at $x=0$.

The value of $y$ where a line crosses the $y$-axis; it is $c$ in $y=mx+c$.

The value of y where a line crosses the y-axis, when $x=0$.

A spiritual discipline directed towards union with the divine; in Hinduism, it is not limited to physical exercises.

A frame placed across the necks of working animals. As a metaphor for marriage, it can suggest restraint, submission or being joined to another.

The holiest day in the Jewish religious calendar. Egypt and Syria launched their October 1973 attack on this day, when many Israeli soldiers were off duty.

The Day of Atonement, the holiest day of the Jewish year, devoted to repentance and seeking God's forgiveness.

The October 1973 war in which Egypt and Syria attacked Israeli forces in the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights.

A Communist children’s organisation which used group activities and political education to encourage loyalty to the new society.

The plan negotiated in 1929 that reduced Germany’s total reparations bill and extended repayment to 1988.

A special type of magistrates’ court in England and Wales dealing with people aged 10–17.

Unlawful behaviour by young people, such as theft, vandalism or assault.

The distinctive tastes, fashions, behaviour and values shared by groups of young people.

Shared ways of life among young people, including values, behaviour and styles of dress that distinguish them from older generations.

A population with a large proportion of children and young people.

The public body responsible for overseeing the youth justice system in England and Wales and supporting improvements in its services.