Key terms & definitions

A person who makes an earnest appeal for help or mercy; in the prescribed poems, such appeals can invoke obligations towards the gods.

An appeal for protection or mercy, often expressed in the Odyssey by clasping another person’s knees.

Prayer asking God for help or for something needed.

A business that provides goods or services to another business.

The amount a supplier charges a business for goods or services.

A supplier’s ability to consistently provide what was agreed, in the required quantity and at the agreed time.

All the businesses, people and activities involved in producing a product and delivering it to the final customer.

The network of organisations and processes that supplies materials and components to a manufacturer.

Coordinating suppliers, production, storage and delivery so that products reach customers efficiently and cost-effectively.

The ability to identify and check where materials come from and how they move through the organisations involved in production.

Routes used to bring an army food, equipment and reinforcements.

The extent to which a supplier consistently delivers the agreed goods, in the correct quantity and quality, at the agreed time.

Agreement with and approval of a government, its leader or its policies.

The skeletal function of bearing body weight, keeping the body upright and holding body parts in position.

An employee who provides services, such as administration or finance, that help other employees and the business operate.

A trench behind the front line where troops could retreat and reorganise.

The legal ending of a religious house’s existence as an institution.

Deliberately withholding a statistical value from publication, for example to prevent confidential information being revealed.

A group of cells in the hypothalamus that helps regulate the body's daily sleep–wake rhythm.

The highest court in the United States, which can decide whether laws comply with the Constitution.

Elizabeth I’s title as head of the Church of England, established by the Act of Supremacy in 1559.

The highest state legislative body established by the Soviet Constitution of 1936; its members were formally elected, but the Communist Party controlled candidate selection.

A chapter of the Qur’an.

‘The Opening’: the first chapter of the Qur’an, containing seven verses of praise, worship and prayer for guidance.

A root that cannot be simplified to a rational number, such as $\sqrt2$ or $\sqrt3$.

A person who guarantees another person’s debt or obligation and accepts responsibility if it is not fulfilled.

The complete outside boundary of a 3D shape; it may contain flat and curved parts.

The total area of all the exposed surfaces of an object, measured in squared units such as cm².

The total area of a solid exposed to its surroundings.

The total area of a solid exposed to its surroundings and available for contact with another reactant.