Key terms & definitions

A movement emphasising Black pride, self-determination and control over Black institutions; some supporters also advocated armed self-defence.

A senior House of Lords official with responsibilities for order, security and ceremonies, including summoning MPs at the State Opening of Parliament.

A craft worker who makes or repairs iron objects; horseshoes are an example of the metalwork needed by a castle household.

Violent conflict between British colonists and Aboriginal Tasmanians from the mid-1820s to 1832, connected to expanding settlement and the dispossession of Aboriginal people.

A national organisation established in December 1975 to unite women’s organisations around issues including education, housing, labour, rural development and detentions.

A muscular organ that stores urine before it leaves the body.

Creating and using an invented scenario to persuade a targeted person to reveal information or perform an action they would be unlikely to carry out in ordinary circumstances. Also called pretexting.

Briefly heating fruit or vegetables in boiling water, then cooling them quickly to stop further cooking.

Germany’s promise in July 1914 to support Austria-Hungary unconditionally in its confrontation with Serbia.

Unrhymed poetry written in iambic pentameter.

An offence involving speech or behaviour considered insulting to God or sacred religious beliefs.

Language or behaviour that insults God or something regarded as sacred.

An action, statement or claim considered insulting to God or to take authority that belongs to God alone.

A large industrial furnace in which iron is extracted from iron ore using carbon monoxide produced from coke.

The chemical removal of colour from a substance.

The removal of colour from a substance by a chemical reaction.

Violent conflict between pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups in Kansas following the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854.

Paper with a coating that prevents ink spreading, especially useful for rendering design ideas with solvent-based markers.

A family that includes children from one or both partners’ previous relationships; also called a reconstituted family.

A family in which one or both partners have children from a previous relationship. Also called a reconstituted family or step-family.

A family containing relationships formed through different partnerships, such as a parent, stepparent and children.

A combination of different fibre types mixed together before they are spun into yarn.

A textile made using yarns in which different types of fibre have been combined.

An appliance with rotating blades that breaks food down to make smooth mixtures such as soups, sauces and purées.

An act or prayer asking for God’s favour and care.

A person assessing behaviour without knowing which experimental condition each participant belongs to, reducing the risk that expectations influence their judgement.

Baking a pastry case without its filling, usually with a lining and baking beans initially to support its shape.

Stitching that secures a folded hem while catching very little of the outer fabric, making the stitches almost invisible from the outside.

A hole that stops within a component rather than passing right through it.

A sensory test in which tasters do not know the identity or brand of the samples, helping to reduce bias.