Key terms & definitions

The number of bits available to store a binary value, such as eight bits.

Data containing paired values for two variables, such as river width and river depth measured at each site.

Data in which each observation has two related values, such as two test scores for the same pupil.

Data consisting of paired values for two variables, with each pair referring to the same person, object or observation.

Strange or illogical features of mental experiences, classified in this study by where they occurred and the type of strangeness involved.

The combined British and American occupation zones of Germany, joined in January 1947 to support economic recovery.

Organised action to challenge unfair treatment of Black people and campaign for their rights.

Viewing outcomes in absolute categories, such as complete success or total failure, without recognising possibilities in between.

An external testing approach in which testers lack internal knowledge and access credentials, simulating an attack from outside the system.

Laws introduced by Southern states after slavery ended to restrict African Americans' freedom, employment and behaviour.

Humour arising from disturbing or serious events, which can make an audience uncomfortable about its own laughter.

Humour that treats disturbing or painful subjects, such as violence and death, in a comic way.

A movement encouraging black South Africans to reject racial inferiority, develop pride and organise independently against oppression.

A movement associated with Steve Biko that encouraged black pride, psychological liberation and independent black-led organisation to challenge apartheid.

The devastating outbreak of plague that reached Britain in 1348.

The theatrical practice of a performer darkening their skin to impersonate a Black person; its history is associated with racial stereotyping and exclusion.

A pottery technique in which figures appear mainly as black silhouettes against the clay-coloured surface, with details incised into them.

A secret Serbian nationalist organisation, formed in 1911, which supported violence to unite Serbs and helped the Sarajevo assassins.

A criminal who attempts to gain unauthorised access to computer systems for harmful purposes, such as stealing data.

Hills sacred to the Sioux and protected by the 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty. The arrival of gold prospectors there helped cause the Great Sioux War.

A region with gravity so strong that light cannot escape, which can form from the remnant of a very massive star.

A list of people whom employers refuse to hire because of their alleged beliefs, associations or activities.

Excluding someone from employment because they are regarded as politically unacceptable or otherwise undesirable.

A political movement challenging racism and violence against Black people, which emerged through the #BlackLivesMatter hashtag in July 2013.

People who supported the British Crown during the American War of Independence. Black Loyalists included formerly enslaved people who fought alongside the British.

Threatening to reveal damaging information about someone unless that person meets a demand.

Trade outside official controls, such as selling food at prices above those set by the government.

The belief that African Americans should develop their own collective identity, institutions and control over their communities rather than depend on white leadership.

Restrictions on visible lighting intended to make it harder for enemy aircraft to identify targets at night.

An African American political organisation founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale in 1966, combining armed self-defence with demands for social change and community support programmes.