Key terms & definitions

A memory store that retains information for extended periods.

An action supporting recovery, rebuilding or reduced risk over the months and years after a hazard.

Fortifications connecting Athens with the coast and its ports, including Piraeus and Phaleron.

Fortifications connecting Athens with its port, Piraeus, allowing the city to maintain access to supplies arriving by sea.

Electromagnetic radiation emitted by Earth’s warmed surface. Its wavelength is longer than that of the incoming solar radiation considered in the greenhouse-effect model.

A search for a stored record using a value such as a user ID.

A machine that holds warp yarns under tension and enables weft yarns to be interlaced with them to make fabric.

A sequence of instructions that a program repeats.

The statements executed during each repetition of a loop.

A U-shaped section of kidney tubule that descends into the medulla and rises again.

The stealing of possessions or supplies by soldiers during warfare.

A senior royal officer responsible for the Great Seal, official royal documents and oversight of the legal system.

A noble appointed by the queen to exercise royal authority in a county, including organising its militia and supervising Justices of the Peace.

A temporary leader of Christmas revels who presided over entertainment and festive disorder, sometimes reversing normal relationships of authority.

The title taken by Oliver Cromwell in 1653 as head of state in place of a king.

The prayer Jesus taught his followers, also called the Our Father, which praises God and asks for his provision, forgiveness and protection.

The 26 Church of England bishops who sit in the House of Lords.

Roman body armour made from overlapping iron strips joined using leather straps.

The amount by which a cost price exceeds its selling price.

The amount by which total costs exceed revenue.

A product deliberately sold below its cost to attract customers who may also buy other, profitable products.

A compression method that allows the original data to be restored exactly when it is decompressed.

Compression that permanently removes some data to reduce file size; the exact original cannot be recovered from the compressed file.

The name given to the English settlement established on Roanoke Island in 1587, whose inhabitants were missing when John White returned in 1590.

A device that converts a varying electrical signal into sound waves.

An output device that converts a changing electrical audio signal into sound waves and can reproduce speech, music and other complex sounds.

The United States’ purchase of France’s claimed Louisiana territory in 1803 for US$15 million.

A vessel used to carry water for the ritual wedding bath in Athens.

A strong attachment to another person or to a community; in warfare literature, love can motivate protection, sacrifice, reconciliation or revenge.

Care and concern for others; in Hindu devotion, love can also be directed towards a deity.