Key terms & definitions

Using a controlled laser beam to remove or alter material at a surface to create a lasting mark or pattern.

The final judgement of humanity by God, associated with Christ's return.

The requirement that war should be used only when peaceful ways of resolving the conflict have been exhausted or shown to be ineffective.

Prayers and sacramental care offered to someone approaching death, including reconciliation, anointing of the sick and final Holy Communion.

The final meal Jesus shared with his disciples before his arrest and crucifixion, presented in Mark’s Gospel as a Passover meal.

A switching action in which an output remains on after the initiating signal has ended, until it is reset.

A chronological classification for the later Bronze Age of mainland Greece; its subdivisions help archaeologists organise Mycenaean pottery and archaeological remains.

The delay between data being sent and received, usually measured in milliseconds.

The underlying unconscious meaning that Freud believed was disguised within a dream.

Energy released when water vapour condenses into liquid water, helping to power a tropical cyclone.

Energy transferred when a substance changes state without changing temperature.

Energy transferred when a substance changes state without changing temperature.

Tuberculosis present in the body without symptoms; it cannot be spread to others, although it may later become active.

Sideways erosion of a river’s banks, widening the channel and valley.

A test in which a liquid sample moves along a strip and produces a visible result when a target substance is detected.

Glacial debris carried and deposited along the sides of a glacier.

A category applied to several of Shakespeare's later plays, combining loss and separation with wonder, reunion and renewal.

A machine that holds and rotates a workpiece while cutting tools shape it.

The language of Church worship and much formal learning in medieval western Europe.

The Christian communities of western Europe that recognised the religious authority of the pope in Rome.

An alliance of Latin towns which opposed Rome during the early Republic.

A broad muscle on either side of the back that helps move the upper arm at the shoulder.

Position north or south of the Equator, measured in degrees.

The angular position of a place north or south of the Equator, measured in degrees from 0° to 90° N or S.

A repeating three-dimensional arrangement of particles in a solid.

A regular arrangement of closely packed positive ions in a solid metal.

A regular, repeating arrangement of particles in a solid.

A medicine made from opium dissolved in alcohol, widely used in the nineteenth century for pain and other ailments.

Pope Francis’s teaching document on care for our common home, connecting environmental protection with responsibility towards other people.

Molten rock that has erupted onto the Earth's surface.