Key terms & definitions

The principle that judges should decide cases according to law, independently of political pressure.

A court process examining whether a public body made a decision lawfully, fairly and within its powers, rather than whether its policy was politically desirable.

The judges and magistrates who apply the law in courts.

The judges and other legal officials responsible for applying the law impartially through the courts.

Fine, evenly cut matchstick-shaped strips of food.

Anti-government demonstrations in Petrograd in early July 1917 that failed and were followed by arrests of Bolsheviks.

The Friday congregational prayer, which includes a sermon.

The congregational Muslim prayer held on Fridays.

An edit that creates a noticeable discontinuity, such as an abrupt change in a character’s position within a similar view.

The Friday congregational prayer, which includes a sermon called a khutbah.

A point at which a circuit divides into, or rejoins from, separate branches.

A point where circuit branches meet and current can split or recombine.

Wealthy Prussian landowning aristocrats who held influential positions in the army and government and generally defended conservative, authoritarian rule.

The geographical area or type of work over which an authority has responsibility.

The geographical area or range of legal matters over which a court or legal system has authority.

The geographical or legal area within which an authority has power to apply and enforce rules.

A citizen selected to sit on a jury, listen to the evidence in a trial and help decide whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty.

A group of people responsible for reaching a verdict of guilty or not guilty in a trial.

A group of local people sworn to report suspected offences and offenders to royal justices, rather than deliver the final trial verdict.

A savoury sauce based on meat juices or stock, often concentrated by reduction.

Fair and morally right; Christians believe that God judges perfectly and opposes injustice.

A morally legitimate reason for war, such as self-defence against aggression or protecting innocent people, rather than gaining wealth or territory.

The application of laws, including settling disputes and dealing with offences.

Fair treatment: giving people what they are due, protecting the innocent and holding wrongdoing to account. Justice may involve compensation as well as punishment.

Fair treatment, including judging responsibility and giving an appropriate response to wrongdoing.

Fairness: treating people rightly, respecting their rights and responding fairly to wrongdoing.

Fair treatment through a legal system that enables people to access and exercise their legal rights.

A local official responsible for administering justice and carrying out government policies, including measures concerning poverty.

A local magistrate responsible for administering justice, including judging offences and issuing arrest warrants.

Local officials responsible for duties including maintaining order and administering poor relief.