Key terms & definitions

The institutions and processes through which the state interprets and enforces the law, resolves disputes and administers justice.

A senior royal official who supervised government and could exercise the king’s authority during his absence.

Supporting a decision or argument with evidence and reasoning that explains why it is appropriate.

A reason or argument offered to show that an action is morally acceptable.

A reasoned explanation showing why a decision is suitable for its purpose.

Martin Luther’s teaching that a person is made right with God through faith, rather than earning this through good works.

A final judgement supported by relevant evidence and explained reasoning.

A stock management approach in which a business holds spare stock to protect against supply shortages or unexpected increases in demand.

A stock-control method in which supplies arrive when needed for production or sale, so very little stock is held.

A stock-control approach in which materials and components are supplied when needed for production, keeping stock levels low.

An approach that supplies and makes only what is needed, when it is needed and in the quantity needed, with minimal stock held.

An approach that schedules materials and components to arrive when needed for production, keeping stored stock low.

A war considered morally justified, for example because it defends a community or recovers rightful possessions, is authorised legitimately and is fought with the right intentions.

The belief that war can sometimes be morally justified, but only under strict conditions.

A set of moral principles used to judge whether going to war, and the way a war is fought, can be justified.

Unlawful behaviour by young people below the age of adulthood.

Placing contrasting things close together so that their differences become significant.

The placement of contrasting elements close together so that their differences become significant.

Placing contrasting ideas or images close together so that their differences become especially striking.

The placing of elements beside one another so that their relationship contributes to meaning.

Placing contrasting elements together so that their differences create meaning.

The divine light present in every person, which gives a religious basis for recognising their inherent worth.

The sacred building in Makkah associated with Ibrahim and Isma’il, towards which Muslims face when praying.

Lust or uncontrolled sexual desire; one of the five ‘thieves’ that distract a person from a God-centred life in Sikh teaching.

The sacred house in Makkah which Ibrahim and Ismail built or rebuilt together.

The cube-shaped sacred building in Makkah associated with Ibrahim and Isma‘il, around which pilgrims perform tawaf.

A Jewish mystical tradition concerned with understanding God and drawing closer to the divine presence.

Cotton undershorts representing modesty and self-control.

A Jewish prayer praising God’s greatness, recited by mourners.

The ruler of the German Empire; Wilhelm II became Kaiser in 1888.