Key terms & definitions

Having two different alleles of a particular gene.

A method of detecting possible malware by analysing suspicious behaviours and characteristics rather than only matching known malware signatures.

The base-16 number system, using digits 0–9 and letters A–F. A–F represent decimal values 10–15.

A six-membered arrangement of bonded atoms forming a ring.

A line of verse with six metrical feet; dactylic hexameter became the standard metre of Roman verse satire.

The Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society, a Jewish-founded organisation that assists refugees escaping persecution and advocates for their rights.

A state of greatly reduced activity that allows some animals to survive winter while using less energy.

A high-income country: a country with a high average income per person.

Crime that does not come to the attention of the authorities or appear in official records.

The norms, values and expectations learnt through the organisation and everyday routines of schooling rather than through formally taught subjects.

Muhammad al-Mahdi, the twelfth Imam, whom Twelver Shi’a Muslims believe remains concealed and will return to establish justice before the Day of Judgement.

An organisational structure with many levels of authority, usually a long chain of command and relatively narrow spans of control.

A system in which people or institutions are ranked above and below one another in status or authority.

An arrangement of people into unequal levels of rank, status or authority.

The levels of authority within an organisation, ranked from senior management to lower-level employees.

An arrangement in levels, from an overall problem to its main subsections and then more detailed tasks.

The structure of different levels of authority and responsibility within the Church.

A ranked structure in which people at higher levels have authority over those below them.

A female Greek priest responsible for religious rituals, including sacrifice.

A male Greek priest responsible for religious rituals, including sacrifice.

A form of aerobic training carried out at high altitude, where reduced oxygen availability encourages the body to produce more red blood cells.

A shot filmed from above its subject, looking downwards.

A protein that supplies all the essential amino acids in sufficient proportions for the body's needs.

A condition in which the pressure of blood against artery walls remains too high, placing extra strain on the heart and blood vessels.

Steel containing more carbon than mild steel, giving high hardness and wear resistance but greater brittleness.

A court that deals with more complex or high-value civil cases and important legal issues. It can also review the lawfulness of decisions made by public bodies.

A specially established court which tried Charles I in January 1649 on charges including making war against Parliament and the people of England.

An image format with greater resolution and visible detail than standard definition.

Higher-level education, including undergraduate and postgraduate degree courses at universities and colleges.

The largest whole number that divides every number in a ratio exactly.