Key terms & definitions

Steps leading down to a river; some are used for bathing and others for cremation.

A poetic form originating in Arabic poetry, traditionally using rhyming couplets and a repeated ending, often exploring love and separation.

An enclosed district in which Jews were forcibly confined, often in overcrowded conditions with severe shortages of food.

A district in which Jewish people were required to live separately from the wider population.

A religious revival associated with the Paiute prophet Wovoka, promising renewal, the return of the buffalo and ancestors, and the restoration of Native American life.

A narrative in which ghosts or spirits enter the human world; supernatural encounters can create fear and communicate moral ideas.

The second stage of Sikh spiritual development: knowledge or wisdom, involving greater awareness of God and the unity of creation. Also spelt Gyan Khand.

A giant structure in which many atoms are joined by a continuous network of strong covalent bonds.

An extended network containing very many atoms joined by strong covalent bonds, rather than separate small molecules.

A substance containing a very large, continuous network of atoms joined by covalent bonds.

A regular, repeating giant structure made from positive and negative ions.

A large, regular, repeating three-dimensional arrangement of oppositely charged ions.

A regular, repeating three-dimensional arrangement of particles extending throughout a solid.

A large, repeating arrangement of particles extending throughout a substance.

A very large, repeating arrangement of particles joined by bonding throughout the structure rather than separated into individual molecules.

A plant hormone used commercially to initiate seed germination, promote flower and fruit formation, and produce seedless fruit.

A group of plant hormones that can end seed dormancy, promote flowering and increase fruit size.

A unit of data equal to 1024 MiB, or $2^{30}$ bytes. Its symbol is GiB.

The 1944 American law that supported military veterans through benefits including education funding and access to home loans.

A unit of data equal to 1,000 megabytes or 1,000,000,000 bytes, written GB. The prefix giga means $10^9$.

A unit of data equal to 1,000 megabytes using the decimal convention.

A unit of frequency equal to one billion cycles per second: $1\text{ GHz} = 10^9\text{ Hz}$.

The rapid growth of cheap gin drinking, especially among poorer Londoners in the early eighteenth century, which created serious health and social problems.

A measure of how unequally income is distributed. On the 0–1 scale, 0 represents complete equality and 1 represents complete inequality.

To encircle or surround.

A Geographical Information System: software for storing, mapping and analysing information linked to locations.

A set of geographical information about one theme, such as buildings, flood extent or drainage, which can be displayed alongside other information in GIS.

A Lakota/Dakota ceremony in which a family distributed possessions to others to mark an honour or important occasion, expressing generosity and strengthening community relationships.

The laying down of material previously transported by ice.

The wearing away and removal of rock by moving ice and the debris it carries.