Key terms & definitions

Lists recording Roman office-holders, including the consuls traditionally associated with each year of the Republic.

Deliberately going without food for a period, often as a religious act of repentance or devotion.

Abstaining from food and drink for a set period as a religious practice.

A nutrient that supplies energy and can provide more energy than carbohydrate during low-intensity exercise.

A Palestinian nationalist movement led by Yasser Arafat whose armed groups carried out raids against Israel. It was initially separate from the PLO.

The belief that events or suffering cannot be changed, so attempts to improve matters are pointless.

The idea that events or a person's future are determined by powers beyond human control.

The destined course or outcome of events. In the Odyssey, divine actions and human choices can help bring a destined outcome about.

The first Person of the Trinity, understood as the almighty Creator and a loving Father.

Extreme physical or mental tiredness that can make it difficult to continue performing.

Resistance to damage caused by repeated loading and unloading.

A dynasty ruling Egypt whose forces controlled Jerusalem when the crusaders attacked it in 1099; it was a rival of the Seljuk Turks.

A Shiʿa Muslim dynasty based in Egypt, with a rival caliphate in Cairo. The Fatimids recovered Jerusalem in 1098 before losing it to the crusaders in 1099.

A vitamin that dissolves in fat and can be stored in the body's liver or fatty tissues. Vitamins A, D, E and K are fat-soluble.

A molecule with a hydrocarbon chain that can attach to glycerol when a lipid is synthesised.

A molecule with a long chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms that can join to glycerol to form a lipid.

A qualified scholar’s religious legal opinion responding to a question. It is generally advisory rather than a court judgement.

A fracture in rock along which movement has occurred.

A current that flows along an unintended path because of a fault in an electrical system.

A heart valve that does not open fully or does not close properly, reducing the efficiency of blood flow through the heart.

The animals found in a particular region or habitat.

An informal settlement in Brazil. Favelas vary in housing quality and access to services; many homes improve over time.

The net value of direct investment transactions during a period, such as a calendar year.

The value of direct investment held at a particular point in time, usually the end of a year; also called an FDI position.

Sworn loyalty to a lord or ruler.

Whether a proposed study can realistically be carried out with the available time, money, skills and access.

A design that can realistically be made to meet its requirements within the available resources and constraints.

A religious festival celebrated by a community, often combining worship with festivities.

A full-length film forming the main attraction of a cinema programme, rather than a short film.

Palestinian armed fighters who carried out raids into Israel; Egypt supported their raids during the 1950s.