Key terms & definitions

The removal from the body of waste substances produced by its chemical reactions.

A translated program that can be run without translating its source code again.

A file containing translated program instructions that can be run on a compatible system without translating the source code again.

The branch of government responsible for running the country, developing policies and putting laws and decisions into effect.

An organisation within a government department that usually delivers a particular service rather than deciding policy.

A presidential directive governing the work of the federal government, issued using the President's legal authority.

Roosevelt’s 1941 presidential order banning racial discrimination in defence employment.

The authority to carry out laws and direct the day-to-day work of government.

A presidential claim that certain confidential communications within the executive branch of government should not be disclosed to Congress or the courts.

Permission not to carry out a religious duty in specified circumstances.

Physical activity you do to keep or improve your health or fitness, as opposed to competitive sport.

How hard the body is working during physical activity.

Breathing air out of the lungs; also called expiration.

The mixture of gases breathed out of the lungs.

A possibility space containing every possible outcome and omitting none.

A set of events that together includes every possible outcome. At least one of the events must occur.

Response choices that cover every possible answer relevant to the question.

A set of outcomes or events that covers every possible result, so at least one must occur.

The public screening of a film, for example in a cinema or at a film festival.

The showing of films to audiences, particularly in cinemas.

An appeal that urges an audience to act or adopt a particular attitude, such as encouraging soldiers to stand firm.

Being forced to leave a country, often as a political punishment.

Separation from a person’s homeland, especially when returning is impossible or unsafe.

A person living away from their homeland, often without the protection and support of their original community.

People living outside their home country after leaving or being forced to leave, often for political reasons.

A Latin phrase meaning ‘out of nothing’: the belief that God created without using pre-existing material.

A large-scale departure of people from a place, usually to escape danger or hardship.

The departure of the Israelites from slavery in Egypt under Moses' leadership; also the name of the Torah book containing this account.

African Americans who moved from the South to Kansas, particularly in 1879, seeking land, greater freedom and escape from racial oppression.

An external cue, such as light, that helps synchronise a biological rhythm with the environment.