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Browse key terms and definitions across all GCSE subjects. Search by keyword or filter by subject and exam board.
23,110 key terms
Expected result
The result that an algorithm or program should produce for a particular test, based on its requirements.
Expected value
The long-run average value of a random variable over many repetitions. For , the expected value is .
Expenses
The indirect costs of running a business, such as office rent and administration costs, deducted from gross profit to calculate net profit.
Experiential knowledge
Knowledge gained through personal experience rather than only through information or reasoning.
Experiment
An investigation of how changes in an explanatory variable affect a response variable.
Experimental control
A comparison arrangement used to show what happens without the treatment being investigated.
Experimental design
The way participants are organised in relation to the conditions of an experiment.
Experimental method
A research method that investigates the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable while controlling other relevant variables.
Experimental probability
An estimate of probability calculated by dividing the number of times an event occurs by the total number of trials. It is also called relative frequency.
Experimental strategy
The overall plan for collecting data to answer a scientific question, including what is changed, measured and kept constant.
Experimental strategy
The complete planned approach to an investigation, including the apparatus, method, measurements, controls, repeats, range and treatment of data.
Experimental strategy
A planned sequence of actions for making observations or collecting data to answer a scientific question.
Experimenter bias
An influence of the researcher’s expectations or beliefs on the procedure, data or interpretation that makes a particular outcome more likely.
Expertise
Specialist knowledge, skills or training that can enable someone to help effectively.
Expiation
A religious act intended to make amends for an offence and restore a proper relationship with the gods.
Expiation
Making amends for wrongdoing; the Catechism teaches that punishment can have this value when an offender voluntarily accepts it.
Expiration
Breathing out: moving air out of the lungs.
Expiratory reserve volume
The additional volume of air that can be breathed out after a normal exhalation.
Explained supernatural
A narrative pattern in which something initially thought supernatural is later given an ordinary explanation.
Explanatory variable
The variable whose values or categories are used to explain or predict differences in a response variable. It may be deliberately changed or simply observed. Also called the independent variable.
Explant
A small piece of tissue removed from a plant and used to start a tissue culture.
Explicit information
Information stated directly in a text.
Explicit viewpoint
An opinion stated directly rather than left for the reader to infer.
Exploded diagram
A drawing showing components separated but positioned to explain how they fit together.
Exploded view
A drawing showing components separated but positioned in the correct relationship for fitting together.
Exploitation
Using people or their work unfairly for another person’s benefit, often through coercion and without adequate protection.
Exploitation
The extraction and use of an energy resource, such as drilling for oil or mining coal.
Exploitation
The use of another’s labour or resources for one’s own benefit, especially while giving them little in return.
Exploitation
Taking unfair advantage of someone for another person's benefit.
Exploitation
Unfairly taking advantage of someone, for example by paying workers poorly while requiring them to work in unsafe conditions.
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