Key terms & definitions

Too much communication, overloading people with messages and information.

Interest charges that impose an unfair burden on borrowers and can make their debts very difficult to repay.

A reactant present in a greater amount than is needed to react completely with the limiting reactant, so some remains unreacted.

A reactant supplied in more than the amount needed to react completely with the other reactant, so some remains when the reaction finishes.

More reagent than is needed to complete the initial reaction; here, sodium hydroxide is added beyond the point at which a precipitate first forms.

An insoluble reactant added in more than the amount needed to react completely, so that some remains and can be filtered off.

Movement of substances into and out of an organism or its cells across a surface.

An event at Hailsham where students use tokens to obtain artwork and crafts made by other students.

The rate used to convert an amount in one currency into an equivalent amount in another currency.

The price of one currency expressed in terms of another currency.

A specialised boundary across which substances move between an organism and its surroundings, or between different parts of an organism.

A specialised surface across which substances move between an organism and its environment, or between body compartments.

A royal administrative organisation established around 1194 to manage financial dealings involving Jews and many disputes between Jews and Christians.

Taxes charged on particular goods, such as salt and beer during the Civil Wars.

A change to a higher energy level after energy has been absorbed.

The movement of an electron to a higher energy level after it absorbs energy, while remaining in the atom.

An effect on a neuron that makes it more likely to fire an electrical impulse.

A nucleus left with excess energy, often following another radioactive decay.

A temporary higher-energy condition of an atom after one of its electrons has absorbed energy and moved to a higher energy level.

A state in which an electron has gained energy and moved to a higher energy level.

A sentence or utterance expressing strong feeling. An exclamation mark can also give emphasis to a statement or command.

A point represented by an open circle because its value is not part of the solution set.

A value that a variable cannot take because it would make an original denominator zero or make another operation undefined.

Preventing a pupil from attending school temporarily or permanently, usually as a disciplinary response.

Leaving material or elements out of a media product.

Proposed legislation first introduced in 1679 to prevent James, Duke of York, from inheriting the throne because he was Catholic.

The political struggle of 1679–1681 over attempts to exclude James, Duke of York, from the succession.

The view that one religion possesses the religious truth in a way that excludes conflicting claims made by other religions.

The Pope’s formal exclusion of someone from the Catholic Church. Elizabeth I was excommunicated in 1570.

The removal from an organism of waste products made by its metabolism, such as urea.