OCR GCSE History B key terms

Polluted fog containing smoke and other harmful substances, which can cause serious breathing problems.

An area where smoke emissions are restricted, requiring households and businesses to use permitted fuels or heating methods.

The illegal movement of goods across borders, including prohibited goods or goods brought in without paying required duties.

A social grouping shaped by factors such as wealth, occupation and status. Class strongly affected women’s opportunities and living conditions in early twentieth-century Britain.

An offence that many ordinary people tolerate or support, despite its being illegal.

A supporter of democratic government and socialist reforms; Germany’s main social democratic party was the SPD.

A society’s ranking of people into groups with different levels of power, wealth and status.

Movement upwards or downwards between social ranks.

A change introduced by government to improve people’s living or working conditions.

The organisation of society into groups with different levels of wealth, power, status and responsibilities.

A strong plough capable of cutting through the dense grass roots of the Plains so that crops could be planted.

A home built from blocks of soil and grass, used by settlers where timber was scarce.

The removal and transport of soil by water or wind.

A sudden attack made by defenders who leave a besieged place to strike the surrounding enemy.

A Nazi Party organisation, originally an elite guard, led by Heinrich Himmler. It controlled the concentration camp system and became closely connected with the German police.

Tobacco packaging with a standardised appearance and no promotional logos or graphics, designed to reduce its appeal while retaining health warnings.

The material conditions of people's lives, including their income and access to goods and services.

A possession or display used to show someone’s wealth and social importance.

A law introduced by Edward I in 1275 that prohibited Jews from lending at interest, restricting an important source of income.

An oversimplified image of a group that treats its members as if they all share the same characteristics.

Negative judgement attached to a condition or identity, which can lead to shame, exclusion and discrimination.

Enclosures used to hold and sort livestock before sale or transport.

The hot working space aboard a steamship where workers fed coal into furnaces to heat water and produce steam.

A place whose position makes it important for defence, movement or control, such as a river crossing or key transport route.

A collective refusal to work intended to put pressure on an employer or the government.

Acceptance of another ruler’s authority, usually involving an agreement to obey that ruler.

A grant of taxation approved by Parliament to provide money for the monarch.