Eduqas GCSE History key terms

A castle with inner and outer defensive walls arranged so that the different lines of defence support one another.

An attempt to resolve a dispute by helping the parties reach an agreement rather than immediately taking the case to court.

The 1122 agreement between Pope Callixtus II and Emperor Henry V that distinguished bishops’ spiritual authority from their secular powers and possessions.

The seizure of property by an authority. Philip VI’s confiscation of English-held Aquitaine in 1337 triggered war.

The United States legislature, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate. It passes laws and can check presidential power.

A Spanish conqueror involved in the conquest of the Americas.

A person who refuses military service or participation in fighting because of moral or religious beliefs.

Compulsory recruitment into the armed forces through a legal requirement to serve.

An area protected because of its special architectural or historical character.

The process of strengthening control and removing challenges to authority.

A local officer responsible for maintaining order and enforcing the law.

The fundamental rules establishing how a country is governed and the powers of its government.

Campaigning through lawful methods to persuade politicians and the public to support political change.

A serious dispute over the rules governing political power and the relationships between institutions of government.

The willingness and ability of people to buy goods and services.

A product bought for personal or household use, such as a car, radio or washing machine.

An increasing emphasis on buying and using goods and services, including purchases beyond basic necessities.

A policy of preventing communism from spreading to additional countries.

A method used to prevent pregnancy.

An oral contraceptive taken by women to prevent pregnancy.

A change from one religion to another; European Catholic rulers hoped exploration would lead more people to become Christians.

A group of ships travelling together, usually protected by escorting warships during wartime.

A business owned and run jointly by its members. Gorbachev permitted cooperatives as part of his economic reforms.

The Congress of Racial Equality, founded in 1942, which promoted non-violent direct action against racial discrimination.

The ceremony in which a monarch is formally crowned and anointed.

Physical punishment intended to cause pain, such as whipping.

The misuse of a position of trust or public power for private benefit.

A close-fitting undergarment worn to support and shape the body, often drawing in the waist.