History key terms

An additional tax on very high incomes, introduced in the People’s Budget for those with annual incomes above £5,000.

A person seeking protection, often by taking refuge at a sacred place such as an altar.

Routes used to bring an army food, equipment and reinforcements.

Agreement with and approval of a government, its leader or its policies.

A trench behind the front line where troops could retreat and reorganise.

The legal ending of a religious house’s existence as an institution.

The highest court in the United States, which can decide whether laws comply with the Constitution.

Elizabeth I’s title as head of the Church of England, established by the Act of Supremacy in 1559.

The highest state legislative body established by the Soviet Constitution of 1936; its members were formally elected, but the Communist Party controlled candidate selection.

A practitioner who treated injuries and other conditions through physical procedures, including operations.

Treatment involving physical operations on the body, such as repairing wounds or removing a limb.

Produce or other resources left over after immediate needs have been met, which can be stored for later use.

Monitoring an area or enemy activity to gather information that can inform military decisions.

A Persian royal centre where Alexander arranged a collective marriage ceremony for himself and his Companions in 324 BC.

The popular name for a section of the Vagrancy Act 1824 that let police arrest people they suspected of loitering with intent to commit a crime. It was used disproportionately against young Black men and was repealed in 1981.

Work involving very low pay, long hours and poor conditions, often carried out in small workshops.

A system of production involving long hours, poor pay and harsh working conditions, often in small workshops.

A workshop where people work long hours for low wages, often in poor conditions.

A name associated with the fashion, music and cultural changes of the 1960s, especially in London; it does not mean that everyone enjoyed prosperity.

Industrial action taken by workers in support of other workers involved in a dispute.

Workers taking strike action in support of another group’s dispute.

A Jewish place of worship and communal gathering.

An approach that emphasises direct industrial action and strong unions as the means of achieving workers’ control of industry.

A meeting of Church leaders, especially bishops, to discuss religious matters and agree rules.

The methods used to position and employ troops and weapons during a battle.

To make a religious vow to go on crusade.

Making a formal religious commitment to join a crusade, symbolised by wearing a cross.

An ancient unit of weight used to express large monetary sums.

The Islamist movement that governed most of Afghanistan before its overthrow in 2001 and subsequently fought against the new government and foreign forces.

A film with recorded speech and sound, rather than a silent film accompanied by live music.