History key terms

A law changing arrangements for passing on landed property, resented by nobles and gentry because it increased their exposure to payments owed to the Crown.

A protest in which workers collectively stay away from work.

An oversimplified belief about a whole group of people that ignores differences between individuals.

The destruction of microorganisms on an object, for example by treating surgical instruments with heat or steam.

An official responsible for managing a lord’s household or estates.

Negative judgement attached to a condition or identity, which can lead to shame, exclusion and discrimination.

Enclosures used to hold and sort livestock before sale or transport.

The hot working space aboard a steamship where workers fed coal into furnaces to heat water and produce steam.

A Scottish royal stone associated with kingship, removed to Westminster by Edward I in 1296.

A place where migrants pause during a journey before travelling onwards to another destination.

Specially trained German assault troops who advanced through weak points in enemy lines and bypassed strong defensive positions.

A narrow passage of water connecting two larger bodies of water.

The narrow sea passage connecting the Gulf of Aqaba to the Red Sea, used by shipping travelling to and from Israel.

Reagan’s proposed missile-defence programme, announced in 1983, which included developing space-based technology to intercept incoming nuclear missiles.

A programme introduced in South Vietnam in 1962 that relocated rural people into fortified settlements, aiming to separate them from the Vietcong and strengthen support for Diem.

A programme that moved South Vietnamese peasants into fortified settlements to separate them from the Vietcong.

A place whose position makes it important for defence, movement or control, such as a river crossing or key transport route.

The importance of a place’s position for objectives such as defence, control and access.

The ten Athenian generals, elected to lead military forces.

An elected Athenian general with military responsibilities and considerable political influence.

The overall planning of a war or campaign, including objectives and how forces will be used.

A German Labour Front programme offering organised leisure activities and subsidised holidays to encourage workers’ loyalty and reduce discontent.

The April 1935 agreement between Britain, France and Italy to oppose further German challenges to the peace settlement.

A coordinated refusal to work, intended to put pressure on an employer to meet workers’ demands.

A public meeting at which people accused of being enemies of the revolution were denounced and humiliated; attacks on landlords could also involve physical violence.

A public meeting at which an accused person was denounced, pressured to confess and often humiliated or physically attacked.

A movement in which students organised demonstrations and other campaigns against US involvement in Vietnam.

An American student organisation that helped organise opposition to the Vietnam War through campus protests and demonstrations.

Creating another level of feudal landholding when a tenant granted land to someone who then became that tenant’s own tenant.

People living under the authority of a monarch; Cleopatra’s subjects included different communities with potentially different interests.