History key terms

A law changing how Parliament is elected, including who can vote or which places have parliamentary representation.

The religious changes that challenged the authority and teachings of the Roman Catholic Church. In England, these included the break with Rome and subsequent changes to church teaching and practice.

A person who has fled their country because of dangers such as war or persecution.

People forced to leave their homes because of danger, such as warfare.

The ceremonial objects of royal office, such as the crown, presented during a coronation.

Action intended to improve a declining area through changes such as investment in its economy, buildings and services.

A person appointed to govern on behalf of a monarch, especially during the monarch’s absence.

A Jamaican musical style that developed during the 1960s from earlier styles including ska.

A person involved in the killing of a monarch; at the Restoration, the term particularly referred to those responsible for Charles I’s trial and execution.

The removal and replacement of a country’s ruling government or leadership.

Advice about maintaining health through daily habits, including diet and cleanliness.

Disorder or resistance within an area, such as disturbances, challenges to political authority or communities abandoning their allegiance.

Helping offenders change their behaviour and prepare for a life without crime.

An organisation established in 1933 to regulate cultural occupations and ensure that cultural production conformed to Nazi ideas.

The unified Protestant church organisation through which the Nazis attempted to bring Protestant churches under their influence, led by Reich Bishop Ludwig Müller.

The German currency introduced in 1924, backed by gold and stable foreign currencies; it circulated alongside the Rentenmark at equal value.

Germany’s elected parliamentary chamber, which could approve or reject legislation and budgets but could not appoint or dismiss the chancellor.

An emergency order signed by President Hindenburg on 28 February 1933 that suspended civil liberties and enabled the Nazis to imprison political opponents.

The extent to which information in a source can be trusted as an accurate account of what it describes.

An object believed to have a sacred connection with a holy person or event. Many crusaders believed the Holy Lance was the spear which had pierced Christ’s side.

Immediate assistance for people suffering hardship, such as financial support or employment.

An army sent to help a place under attack, usually by defeating or driving away its besiegers.

The combination or identification of elements from different religious traditions, such as the worship of Sulis Minerva.

Obedience to the established Church’s required worship and rules.

A community in which monks or nuns lived according to religious rules, devoting their lives to prayer and service.

A community of monks, nuns or other religious members following shared rules governing worship and daily life.

Laws imposing penalties on religious practices or beliefs that did not conform to the established Church.

Hostile treatment of people because of their religious beliefs.

A renewed wave of religious enthusiasm intended to strengthen faith and encourage people to change their lives.

Conflict between religious groups over beliefs, authority and the spread of their faith.