History key terms

An act of organised opposition to a ruler or government, often involving armed force.

An official responsible for receiving money and accounting for income and expenditure.

People already living in an area into which newcomers settle.

An area designated to receive and accommodate people evacuated from places at risk.

A period in which economic activity contracts, often bringing falling production and rising unemployment.

The issue of new coins to replace existing coinage.

The restoration of relations after a dispute.

Gathering information about an enemy’s positions and forces, for example by observing them from aircraft.

The gradual conquest by Christian rulers of Muslim-ruled territories in the Iberian Peninsula.

The centuries-long expansion of Christian rule over Muslim-ruled territories in the Iberian Peninsula, ending with the conquest of Granada in 1492.

The rebuilding of damaged or destroyed buildings and infrastructure after a disaster.

A federal organisation established in 1932 to lend money to struggling banks, businesses and railways.

Offences entered into police records. This total is affected by reporting, recording practices and what the law defines as criminal.

A return towards economic activity and employment after an economic crisis.

The process of obtaining people to serve in an armed force, either voluntarily or through compulsory service.

Refusal to attend the legally required Church of England services; in Elizabethan England, it was particularly associated with Catholics.

A person who refused to attend the required Church of England services, usually because of Catholic beliefs.

Deng’s description of people who combined loyalty to socialism with specialist knowledge and professional competence.

The armed forces organised by the Bolsheviks to defend their government during the Russian Civil War.

Payments former Russian serfs were required to make to the state for land allocated after emancipation in 1861.

A pottery technique in which figures retain the reddish colour of the clay against a black background, allowing details to be drawn within the figures.

Armed workers who supported the revolution and provided an important part of the force used in the Bolshevik takeover of Petrograd.

Moving parliamentary seats between constituencies so that representation better reflects where people live.

A discriminatory lending practice in which banks denied mortgages or other loans in particular neighbourhoods, often because of their racial composition.

A small fortified defensive position, often containing artillery.

A period of widespread fear that communists were infiltrating American institutions and threatening the country.

The organised campaign of Bolshevik political repression launched in 1918, involving arrests, executions and intimidation of suspected enemies.

A local official who supervised agricultural work and ensured that peasants fulfilled their obligations to the lord.

Replacing or renewing the outer surface of a building's walls.

A lasting change to laws or institutions intended to prevent problems recurring or improve how society operates.