Dramatic irony

An effect created when the audience knows something that a character does not.

A dramatic situation in which the audience knows something that a character does not.

A situation in which the audience knows something important that a character does not.

An effect created when the audience knows something that a character does not, such as Duncan's ignorance of his hostess's murderous intentions.

A situation in which the audience knows something that a character does not, changing how it understands that character's words or actions.

A contrast between what a character understands or expects and what the audience knows.

A dramatic technique in which the audience knows something important that a character does not, changing how the audience understands that character’s words or actions.

A situation in which the audience knows something that a character does not, giving the character's words or actions an additional meaning.

A dramatic effect created when the audience knows something that a character does not.

A situation in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not.

A situation in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not, giving words or actions an additional meaning.

A situation in which the audience knows something important that one or more characters do not know.

A dramatic technique in which the audience knows something important that one or more characters do not.

A situation in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not, changing how their words or actions are understood.

A situation in which the audience knows something that a character does not, changing how the audience understands the character’s words or actions.

A contrast between what characters know and what the audience knows.

A dramatic effect created when the audience knows something that one or more characters do not.

A situation in which the audience knows something important that a character does not, giving the character’s words or actions an additional meaning.

A contrast between what the audience knows and what a character knows, which changes how the audience understands the character's words or actions.

A situation in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not, affecting how their words and actions are understood.

A dramatic technique in which the audience understands something that a character does not, changing the significance of the character's words or actions.

An effect created when the audience knows something that a character does not, changing how the audience understands their words or actions.

A situation in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not, changing how the audience understands their words and actions.

A situation in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not, changing how the audience understands their words or actions.

An effect created when the audience knows something that a character does not, giving that character's words or actions an additional meaning.

A situation in which the audience knows something that a character does not, making that character’s words or actions comic, worrying or both.

A situation in which the audience knows something important that one or more characters do not.

A situation in which the audience knows something that a character does not, shaping how the character’s words or actions are understood.

A situation in which the audience knows something that a character does not, changing how it understands the character’s words or actions.

A situation in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not, changing how their words and actions are understood.

An effect created when the audience knows something that a character does not, changing how the audience understands the character’s words or actions.

A situation in which the audience knows something that a character does not, making the character’s words or actions acquire an additional meaning.

A contrast between what a character understands and what the audience knows.

A situation in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not, changing the significance of their words or actions.

An effect created when the audience knows something that one or more characters do not, giving their words an additional meaning.

An effect created when the audience knows something that one or more characters do not.

A dramatic situation in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not.

A difference between what the audience knows and what a character knows, which can create humour, tension or additional meaning.

A contrast between what a character believes and what the audience understands.

A situation in which the audience knows something that a character does not, giving the character’s words an additional meaning.

A contrast between what the audience knows and what a character knows.

An effect created when the audience knows something important that a character does not.

A dramatic technique in which the audience knows something that a character does not, giving the character's words or actions an additional meaning.

A contrast between what a character understands and what the audience knows, creating tension or another dramatic effect.

A situation in which the audience knows something that a character does not, changing how the character’s words or actions are understood.

A situation in which the audience knows something important that a character does not, giving that character’s words or actions an additional meaning.

A situation in which the audience knows something that a character does not, affecting how it understands the character’s words or actions.

A difference between what an audience knows and what a character knows.

A difference between what characters know and what the audience knows.

A difference between what readers understand and what a character understands, which can create tension or humour.

An effect created when readers or an audience understand something that a character does not.

A contrast between what a character understands and what the reader knows, creating tension or exposing mistaken judgement.

A difference between a character’s understanding and the reader’s fuller understanding of a situation.

A contrast between a character’s limited understanding and what the audience or reader understands or is encouraged to suspect.

An effect created when readers understand something that a character does not.

The contrast created when readers know something important that a character does not.

A difference between what a character understands and what the reader knows or suspects.

A situation in which readers know something that a character does not, giving the character’s words or actions an additional meaning.

A contrast in which readers know something that a character does not, affecting how they understand that character’s words or actions.

A situation in which readers know something that a character does not, giving that character’s words or actions an additional meaning.

A contrast in which the reader knows something a character does not, affecting how the reader understands that character’s words or actions.

An effect created when readers know something that a character does not, allowing them to recognise errors or misunderstandings.

A difference between what a character believes and what readers know. Readers recognise the errors behind the newspaper’s praise of Jones.

A situation in which readers understand a significance or truth that a character does not recognise.

A contrast between what a character understands and what the audience knows or recognises.

A situation in which the audience knows something that a character does not, changing how the audience understands that character’s words or actions.

A dramatic technique in which the audience knows or understands something that a character does not, giving the character’s words an additional meaning.

A difference between what a character understands and what the audience knows, which can expose mistaken confidence.

The audience’s knowledge of something that a character does not know, creating a significant difference between the character’s understanding and the audience’s.

A dramatic technique in which the audience knows something a character does not, changing how it understands the character’s words or actions.

A contrast between what a character understands and what the audience knows or strongly suspects.

A situation in which the audience understands something that a character does not.

A dramatic method in which the audience knows something that a character does not, making the character’s words acquire an additional meaning.

A dramatic method in which the audience knows something that a character does not, changing how it understands the character’s words or actions.

A difference between what a character understands and what the audience knows or can recognise.

A situation in which the audience knows something a character does not, changing how the audience understands the character’s words or actions.

The audience knows something a character does not, giving the character’s words or actions an additional, often contradictory meaning.

The contrast between what a reader knows or suspects and what a character understands.

A situation in which readers understand a significance or danger that characters do not fully recognise.

A method in which readers understand something that characters do not, creating tension, humour or criticism.

A contrast between what characters believe and what the reader knows. Readers remember Snowball’s bravery while the animals accept claims that he was a traitor.

A situation in which readers understand something that a character does not, creating tension, humour or sympathy.

A contrast in which readers understand something that a character does not, making that character’s words or actions particularly revealing.

A situation in which readers know something important that characters do not understand.

A contrast between what characters believe or understand and what the reader recognises.

A situation in which readers understand something that characters do not. Readers recognise the changes to the Commandments while the animals often blame their own memories.

An effect created when readers understand something that characters do not.

A contrast between what readers understand and what a character understands.

A situation in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not.

A contrast between what the audience knows and what a character understands.

An effect created when the audience knows something that a character does not.

A situation in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not, giving their words or actions an additional meaning.

A dramatic effect created when the audience knows something that a character does not.

A dramatic situation in which the audience knows something important that a character does not.

A contrast between what characters understand and what the audience knows.

An audience’s knowledge of something that a character does not know, creating tension, humour or a gap between a character’s words and their meaning.

A dramatic effect created when the audience knows something that one or more characters do not.

A situation in which the audience knows something important that one or more characters do not.

A dramatic technique in which the audience knows something that a character does not, changing how the audience understands the character’s words or actions.

A moment when the audience knows something that a character does not, shaping its response to the character’s words or actions.

A situation in which the audience knows something that a character does not, giving the character's words an additional meaning.

An audience’s knowledge of something that a character does not know, creating a gap between the character’s understanding and the audience’s.

A difference between what a character understands and what the audience knows.

A situation in which the audience knows something that a character does not. The audience knows Ferdinand survives while Alonso believes he has drowned.

A situation in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not, changing how it understands their words or actions.

A difference between what a character understands and what the audience knows, which changes how the audience interprets the character’s words.

An effect created when the audience knows something that a character does not, giving the character’s words or actions an additional meaning.

A situation in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not, giving words or actions an additional meaning.

A situation in which the audience knows something important that one or more characters do not, changing how their words and actions are understood.

A situation in which the audience knows something important that a character does not, changing how it understands the character's words and actions.

A situation in which the audience knows something that a character does not, giving the character’s words or actions an additional meaning.

An effect created when the audience knows something that one or more characters do not.

A dramatic situation in which the audience knows something that a character does not.

A situation in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not, changing how the audience understands their words or actions.

An effect created when the audience knows something important that a character does not.

A dramatic method in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not.

A situation in which the audience knows something that a character does not, affecting how it understands the character's words or actions.

An effect created when the audience knows something important that a character does not, giving the character’s words or actions an additional significance.

A situation in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not, changing how their words and actions are understood.

A situation in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not, affecting how the audience understands their words and actions.

A dramatic effect created when the audience knows something that a character does not, changing how the audience understands the character's words or actions.

A contrast between what characters believe and what the audience knows.

A situation in which the audience knows something important that one or more characters do not know.

A situation in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not, shaping how their words and actions are understood.

A situation in which the audience knows something that a character does not, allowing it to judge the character’s words differently.

A situation in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not, changing how their words or actions are understood.

A dramatic technique in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not.

A dramatic effect created when the audience knows something that a character does not, giving that character’s words or actions an additional meaning.

A situation in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not, changing how the audience understands their words and actions.

A situation in which the audience knows something that a character does not, changing how the audience understands the character's words or actions.

A dramatic technique in which the audience knows something that a character does not, giving that character's words or actions an additional meaning.

A dramatic situation in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not.

A situation in which the audience knows something that a character does not, giving that character’s words or actions an additional meaning.

A situation in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not, creating humour, tension or additional meaning.

A situation in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not. Bassanio does not recognise Portia’s disguise, but the audience does.

A situation in which the audience knows something a character does not, such as Bassanio speaking to Portia without recognising her disguise.

A situation in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not, creating humour, tension or a difference between intended and understood meanings.

A dramatic situation in which the audience knows something that a character does not, giving the character’s words or actions an additional meaning.

A situation in which the audience knows something a character does not, giving the character’s words or actions an additional meaning.

A contrast between what a character understands and what the audience knows or strongly suspects.

A contrast between what a character believes and what an audience knows or understands.

A situation in which the audience understands something that a character does not.

A dramatic technique in which the audience knows something a character does not, making the character’s words or actions carry an additional meaning.

A situation in which the audience knows or understands something that a character does not, giving the character’s words an additional meaning.

A dramatic situation in which the audience understands something that a character does not yet understand.

A dramatic situation in which the audience knows something that a character does not, changing how the audience understands the character’s words or actions.

A situation in which readers understand something important that characters do not. Readers recognise the growth of pig privilege while the animals accept its justification.

A contrast between what readers understand and what characters understand. The reader recognises the pigs’ manipulation while the animals often accept their explanations.

A contrast in which readers understand something that characters do not, such as recognising that accusations against Snowball contradict the events already narrated.

A situation in which readers understand something that characters do not. Readers recognise the pigs’ deception while many of the animals accept it.

A narrative technique in which readers understand something that a character does not, such as the significance of the altered Commandments.

A contrast in which readers understand something that characters do not fully recognise.

A situation in which readers understand something important that characters do not.

An effect created when readers understand something that characters do not.

A difference between what a character understands and what the reader knows, creating tension or an additional layer of meaning.

A difference between what a character believes and what readers understand, often becoming clearer when a text is reread.

A difference between what a reader understands and what a character understands.

A situation in which readers understand something that a character does not yet recognise.

A situation in which readers know something that a character does not, giving the character’s words or actions an additional meaning.

A situation in which readers know something a character does not. Readers know Darcy increasingly admires Elizabeth while she interprets his attention as criticism.

A situation in which readers understand something that a character does not.

A situation in which readers know something that a character does not, changing how they understand that character’s words or actions.

A difference between what a character knows and what readers know, which can create humour, tension or expose a mistaken judgement.

A difference between what a character knows and what readers know, creating effects such as humour or anticipation.

A contrast between what a character believes and what the reader knows, creating humour, tension or criticism.

A contrast between what a character understands and what the reader understands.

A situation in which readers know something that characters do not, giving those characters’ words or actions an additional meaning.

A situation in which readers know something important that one or more characters do not, giving those characters’ words or actions an additional meaning.

A situation in which readers know something that a character does not, affecting how they understand that character’s words or actions.

A situation in which the reader knows something that a character does not, giving words or actions an additional meaning.

A gap between what characters know and what readers or an audience know.

A situation in which readers know something important that one or more characters do not, changing how readers understand their words or actions.

A difference between what a character understands and what the reader or audience knows.

A situation in which the reader understands something that a character does not, creating tension or revealing the character’s limitations.

A contrast between a character’s understanding and what the reader knows or recognises.

A difference between what a character understands and what the reader knows.

A contrast between what a character understands and what the reader or audience knows.

A situation in which the reader or audience knows something that a character does not.

A situation in which readers understand something that a character or speaker does not recognise.

A contrast between what characters believe and what the reader understands.

A contrast between what readers know and what characters believe. Readers remember Snowball’s bravery while the animals increasingly accept that he was a traitor.

An effect created when the reader or audience understands something that characters do not.

A situation in which readers understand something important that a character does not.

A contrast between what readers understand and what a character knows or believes.

A contrast in which readers understand something that characters do not, creating effects such as tension, sympathy or criticism.

A situation in which readers understand something important that characters do not.

A contrast between what characters understand and what the reader recognises about their situation.

A dramatic effect created when an audience knows something that a character does not.

A situation in which the audience understands something that a character does not, giving the character’s words or actions an additional meaning.

A dramatic technique in which the audience knows something that a character does not, giving the character’s words or actions an additional meaning.

A difference between what the audience understands and what a character understands, making the character’s words or actions acquire an additional meaning.

A situation in which the audience knows something a character does not, changing how the audience understands the character’s words or actions.

A situation in which an audience knows or recognises something that a character does not, giving the character’s words an additional meaning.

A situation in which the audience understands something that a character does not.

A situation in which the audience knows something that a character does not, changing how the audience understands that character’s words or actions.

A dramatic effect created when the audience knows something that a character does not.

An effect created when an audience knows something that a character does not, making the character’s words or actions mean more than the character realises.

A situation in which the audience knows or understands something that a character does not.

A difference between what a character believes and what readers understand or are encouraged to suspect.

A situation in which readers know something that a character does not, giving the character’s words or actions an additional meaning.

A situation in which readers know something that a character does not, creating humour, tension or a different understanding of events.

A difference between what a character knows or believes and what the reader understands.

A situation in which readers know something that a character does not, changing how they understand that character’s words or actions.

An effect created when readers know something that a character does not, giving that character’s words or actions an additional meaning.

A situation in which readers know something that a character does not, allowing them to recognise that character’s misunderstanding.

A situation in which the reader knows something that a character does not, giving the character’s words or actions an additional meaning.

A contrast between what readers know and what a character understands at a particular moment.

A contrast in which readers know or understand something that a character does not.

A contrast in which readers understand something important that a character does not yet understand.

A contrast between what a character understands and what the reader knows.

An effect created when readers understand a danger or situation that a character does not fully recognise.

A situation in which readers know something important that characters at that moment do not, creating tension or exposing mistaken assumptions.

A contrast between what characters believe and what readers know. In Wells’s opening, readers know that an invasion is approaching while human beings remain confident of their safety.

A contrast between a character’s understanding and knowledge available to the reader.

A contrast between what a character believes and what readers understand, often exposing mistaken confidence.

The contrast between a character’s understanding and the audience’s greater knowledge. On rereading, Jekyll’s assurances about Hyde acquire meanings that Utterson does not recognise.

A situation in which a character’s words or actions are understood differently because the reader knows something the character does not.

A situation in which readers know or strongly suspect something that a character does not yet understand.

An effect created when the audience knows something that one or more characters do not.

An effect created when the audience knows something that a character does not, giving the character’s words or actions an additional meaning.

A contrast between what characters understand and what the audience knows.

A difference between what the audience knows and what a character knows, creating effects such as humour, tension or anticipation.

A contrast between what a character knows and what the audience knows, creating tension or giving words an additional meaning.

A situation in which the audience knows something important that one or more characters do not.

A dramatic effect created when the audience knows something that a character does not, changing how the audience understands the character’s words or actions.

An effect created when the audience knows something that a character does not.

A situation in which the audience knows something important that a character does not.

An effect created when the audience knows something important that a character does not.

A situation in a play in which the audience knows something important that a character does not.

A dramatic effect created when the audience knows something that a character does not, giving the character's words or actions additional significance.

A situation in which the audience knows something that a character does not, giving that character’s words or actions an additional meaning.

A situation in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not.

A contrast between what the audience knows and what a character knows, creating humour, tension or a different understanding of events.

A contrast between what a character understands and what the audience knows.

A situation in which the audience knows something that a character does not, such as knowing that the lawyer demanding Bassanio’s ring is his wife.

An effect created when the audience knows something that a character does not, such as Portia’s identity in the courtroom.

A dramatic effect in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not.

A dramatic effect created when the audience knows something that one or more characters do not.

A situation in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not, changing how their words or actions are understood.

An effect created when the audience knows something that a character does not. The audience sees Malcolm's soldiers take branches before Macbeth hears that Birnam Wood is moving.

A dramatic effect created when the audience knows something that a character does not, giving the character's words or actions an additional meaning.

A dramatic device in which the audience knows something important that a character does not.

A situation in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not, changing how the audience understands their words or actions.

A situation in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not, changing how their words and actions are understood.

A situation in which the audience knows something important that one or more characters do not, creating humour, suspense or anxiety.

A situation in which the audience knows something that a character does not, affecting how the character’s words or actions are understood.

A situation in which the audience knows something a character does not, changing how it understands the character's words or actions.

A situation in which the audience knows something important that a character does not, shaping how it understands the character’s words and actions.

A situation in which the audience knows something that a character does not, changing how it understands that character’s words or actions.

A situation in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not, giving their words or actions an additional meaning.

An effect created when the audience knows something that a character does not, changing how the audience understands that character's words or actions.

A dramatic situation in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not.

A situation in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not, affecting how their words and actions are understood.

A situation in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not.

A situation in which the audience knows something important that one or more characters do not.

A dramatic effect created when the audience knows something important that a character does not.

A situation in which the audience knows something important that a character does not, changing how the audience understands the character’s words or actions.

A dramatic technique in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not.

A dramatic effect created when the audience knows something that a character does not.

A situation in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not, changing how the audience understands their words and actions.

A situation in which the audience knows something important that a character does not, giving the character’s words or actions an additional meaning.

A moment when the audience knows something important that a character does not.

An effect created when the audience knows something important that a character does not.

An effect created when the audience knows something that one or more characters do not.

A situation in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not, giving their words or actions an additional meaning.

A contrast between what a character knows and what the audience knows.

A situation in which the audience knows something a character does not. The audience sees Malcolm's soldiers carrying branches before Macbeth hears that Birnam Wood is moving.

A contrast between what characters understand and what the audience knows.

A situation in which the audience knows something that a character does not. The audience knows about the attack on Macduff’s family before he receives the news.

A dramatic technique in which the audience knows something that a character does not, giving the character's words or actions an additional meaning.

A situation in which the audience knows something important that a character does not, giving that character's words or actions an additional meaning.

A difference between what the audience knows and what a character understands. In Othello, the audience knows Iago is plotting while other characters trust him.

A situation in which the audience knows something that a character does not, giving the character's words or actions an additional meaning.

A dramatic situation in which the audience knows something important that a character does not.

A dramatic technique in which the audience knows something important that a character does not.

A situation in which the audience knows something important that a character does not, changing how the audience understands the character’s words and actions.

A situation in which the audience knows something important that a character does not, changing how the audience understands that character’s words or actions.

A situation in which the audience knows something important that a character does not, changing how the character's words or actions are understood.

A dramatic method in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not.

A contrast between what characters believe and what the audience knows, often creating tension or exposing deception.

A situation in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not, changing how their words and actions are understood.

A situation in which the audience knows something that a character does not, giving that character's words or actions an additional meaning.

A situation in a play in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not, creating humour, tension or concern.

A situation in which the audience knows something important that one or more characters do not, creating humour, suspense or anxiety.

A situation in which the audience knows something important that one or more characters do not, changing how the audience understands their words and actions.

A contrast between what the audience knows and what a character believes.

A situation in which the audience knows something that a character does not, creating humour, tension or a different understanding of the character’s words.

A dramatic effect created when the audience knows something that one or more characters do not.

A situation in which the audience knows something that a character does not, changing how the audience understands the character’s words or actions.

A situation in which the audience knows something that a character does not, changing how it understands the character’s words or actions.

A situation in which the audience knows something that a character does not, giving their words or actions an additional meaning.

A situation in which the audience knows something that a character does not, changing how the audience understands that character’s words or actions.

A dramatic situation in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not.

A contrast between what an audience knows and what a character believes, making that character’s words or actions comic, disturbing or both.

A dramatic technique in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not, giving their words or actions an additional meaning.

A situation in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not, giving words or actions an additional meaning.

A situation in which the audience knows something that a character does not, changing how the character's words or actions are understood.

A dramatic situation in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not, giving their words or actions an additional meaning.

A situation in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not, changing how it understands their words and actions.

A dramatic effect created when the audience knows something that one or more characters do not, such as Portia's identity in the courtroom.

A situation in which the audience knows something that one or more characters do not, such as the identities of the disguised wives.

A moment when the audience knows something that one or more characters do not, giving words or actions an additional meaning.

A situation in which the audience knows something that a character does not, affecting how the audience understands the character’s words or actions.

A dramatic method in which the audience knows something that a character does not, changing how the audience understands the character’s words or actions.

A situation in which the audience knows something that a character does not, affecting how it understands the character's words or actions.

An effect created when the audience knows something that a character does not, changing how the character’s words or actions are understood.

A dramatic technique in which the audience knows something that a character does not, changing how it understands the character’s words or actions.

A situation in drama in which the audience knows or recognises something that a character does not, giving that character’s words or actions an additional meaning.

A situation in which the audience’s knowledge allows it to recognise a meaning or mistake that a character does not understand.

A dramatic effect created when the audience knows or understands something that a character does not.

A contrast between what a character understands and what the audience knows or can recognise.

An effect created when the audience understands something that a character does not yet understand.

A dramatic method in which the audience knows something that a character does not, giving the character’s words an additional meaning.

A situation in which the audience knows something a character does not, changing how it understands the character’s words or actions.

A difference between what a character understands and what the audience knows, which changes how the audience interprets the character’s words or actions.

A difference between what characters know or believe and what the audience knows, which changes how the audience understands their words or actions.

A situation in which readers know something important that characters do not, giving characters’ words or actions an additional meaning.

A situation in which readers know something that one or more characters do not, giving events or dialogue an additional meaning.

A contrast between what a character believes or expects and what readers understand to be true.

A situation in which readers know something that a character does not, giving that character’s words or actions an additional meaning.

A situation in which readers know something that a character does not, changing how they understand the character’s words or actions.

A situation in which readers know something important that a character does not, giving the character’s words or actions an additional meaning.

A gap between what a character believes and what the reader understands, often making the character’s confidence seem dangerously mistaken.

A contrast between what characters understand at a particular moment and what the reader knows, often creating tension or exposing mistaken confidence.

A contrast between what a character understands and what the reader knows, often creating tension or exposing mistaken confidence.

A situation in which readers understand something that a character does not, giving the character’s words or actions an additional meaning.

A contrast between what a character believes and what the reader knows or can recognise.

A situation in which readers know something important that a character does not yet know.

A contrast between what a character understands and what the reader knows.

A situation in which readers or an audience know something that a character does not.

A contrast between a character’s understanding and what readers know or can infer.

A situation in which readers know something that a character does not, changing how they understand that character’s words or actions.

A situation in which readers know something that a character does not, allowing them to recognise the character’s misunderstanding.

A situation in which readers know something that a character does not. Readers know about Darcy’s growing attraction before Elizabeth recognises it.

A situation in which readers know something important that a character does not.

An effect created when readers know something that a character does not, allowing them to recognise the character’s misunderstanding.

Irony created when the reader knows something that a character does not.

A difference between what a character understands and what the reader knows, which can give the character’s words an additional meaning.

A contrast between what a character understands at a particular moment and what readers know, creating meanings such as tension or criticism.