Citizenship Studies key terms

A parliamentary committee that investigates particular issues or areas of government work, gathers evidence and publishes findings.

An editorial decision to withhold information rather than being compelled to do so by an external authority.

A punishment imposed by a court on someone who has pleaded guilty to, or been found guilty of, a criminal offence.

Guidance setting out the approach, starting points, ranges and relevant factors courts use when deciding sentences.

The division of state responsibilities between the executive, legislature and judiciary so that power is not concentrated in one branch.

Arranging research questions in a logical order so that earlier findings help inform later questions.

A payment made by someone using a particular council service, such as parking or a leisure facility.

The constitutional convention that Westminster will not normally legislate on devolved matters without the consent of the relevant devolved legislature.

An opposition frontbencher who scrutinises and challenges the government minister responsible for a particular policy area.

An area designed to allow goods, services, people and capital to move freely between its participating countries.

An electoral system for multi-member constituencies in which voters rank candidates and votes can transfer between candidates until the seats are filled.

Practical activity intended to address a social need and benefit others.

A positive contribution to people's lives, such as providing resources, support, advice or a service.

Support with everyday activities such as washing, dressing, eating and staying safe, provided at home or in settings such as care homes.

A business organised to pursue a social purpose through its activities.

An aspect of identity connected to membership of social groups, such as friendship groups, a school, an occupation or a social class.

A political philosophy emphasising equality and collective provision, traditionally supporting public or common ownership of important industries.

Online platforms through which users create, share and respond to content and communicate with others.

A problem or unmet need affecting people's wellbeing or opportunities that may require a response from society.

Government spending on pensions, welfare benefits and support for people who need financial assistance.

Informal government decision-making through private discussions with a small group of advisers or ministers rather than full Cabinet discussion.

Influence gained through persuasion, attraction, reputation or culture rather than coercion.

A trained legal professional who advises clients, prepares legal documents and cases, and can represent clients in court.

A state's authority to govern itself. Questions about sovereignty include who has the power to make decisions and laws.

The MP elected by other MPs to chair House of Commons debates impartially, maintain order and apply parliamentary rules.

A trained volunteer police officer who has the same legal powers as a regular police officer.

An arrangement authorised by a court to help an eligible witness give evidence, such as a screen, video link or communication support.