Citizenship Studies key terms

A legal response intended to resolve a civil claim, such as compensation or an order requiring particular behaviour.

Committing another offence after previously offending.

Committing another criminal offence after a previous offence.

Making amends for harm caused by an offence, for example through compensation or work benefiting the community.

A restriction on what the media may publish about a case, such as information identifying a protected person or prejudicing a trial.

Having someone speak or act on your behalf to put forward your interests, concerns or case.

A form of democracy in which citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf.

A focused question that guides the collection of evidence needed for an investigation.

A policy area whose decision-making powers remain at UK level rather than being devolved. In Northern Ireland, the Assembly needs the Secretary of State’s consent to legislate on reserved matters.

A duty to act in a particular way. It may be required by law or expected morally, such as showing consideration for other people.

A process that gives victims an opportunity to explain the impact of a crime to the offender and may allow the offender to apologise and make amends.

A finding obtained from research, such as the number of survey respondents giving a particular answer.

EU-derived law kept in UK law after withdrawal to provide continuity, rather than removing all such rules immediately.

A parliamentary chamber that examines proposed legislation and considers amendments. The House of Lords performs this role at Westminster.

An entitlement or protection that a person can claim, such as the right to a fair trial.

A political outlook generally favouring private enterprise, lower taxation, less government intervention and traditional values.

The possibility that something will go wrong, causing harm, loss or failure to achieve an intended outcome.

The process of identifying and assessing risks, choosing how to handle them, and monitoring whether the response works.

Understanding your own responsibilities and how they connect with the responsibilities of other team members.

The monarch’s formal approval of a bill, which completes its passage into law.

A requirement governing behaviour within a particular organisation, activity or setting.

The principle that everyone, including those in power, is subject to the law and that the law should apply equally.

Rules determining where goods were sufficiently produced or processed to qualify for preferential trading terms.

Measures to protect people from harm, abuse and exploitation, including people receiving aid.

A constituency in which one party has such strong support that it is usually expected to win.

The people or cases selected for an investigation from a larger group.

A restriction or penalty intended to pressure a country, organisation or individual to change their behaviour.