Chemistry key terms

The amount or percentage of product present when equilibrium has been reached under stated conditions.

The point at which measured amounts of two solutions have reacted in exactly the ratio given by the balanced equation.

A chemical element that an organism needs for growth and healthy functioning.

A compound formed when a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol, producing water as the other product.

The $\mathrm{-C(=O)-O-}$ connection formed when a carboxylic acid group reacts with an alcohol group.

A reasoned approximate value found from suitable known information rather than an exact measurement.

A conflict or choice involving judgements about what ought to be done or how people, animals or the environment ought to be treated.

A question about what is right, wrong, fair or acceptable, involving values that cannot be determined by scientific evidence alone.

Nutrient enrichment of water that can lead to excessive algal growth and a fall in dissolved oxygen.

To consider relevant advantages, disadvantages and uncertainties before reaching a judgement supported by evidence.

A judgement that weighs advantages and disadvantages against the needs of a particular use.

The change of a liquid into a gas.

Information or observations used to support, challenge or develop a scientific explanation.

More of a reactant than is needed to react completely with the other reactant.

A reactant present in a greater amount than is needed to react completely with the limiting reactant, so some remains unreacted.

More reagent than is needed to complete the initial reaction; here, sodium hydroxide is added beyond the point at which a precipitate first forms.

An insoluble reactant added in more than the amount needed to react completely, so that some remains and can be filtered off.

A change or chemical reaction in which heat energy is given out to the surroundings.

A change that transfers energy from the reacting system to the surroundings, usually causing the measured mixture's temperature to rise.

A reaction direction that transfers energy from the reacting chemicals to the surroundings, usually by heating them.

A process that transfers energy to the surroundings.

A reaction that transfers energy to its surroundings.

An ordered plan for obtaining evidence to answer a scientific question or achieve a practical purpose.

The raised number in a power, showing how many times the base is used as a factor; in $10^6$, the exponent is 6.

The amount of exposed surface available for contact with another substance.

Contact between a substance and a person, another organism or the environment.

The way in which a substance can enter the body, such as by inhalation or ingestion.

To read and report information presented in a chart, graph or table without adding an explanation.

Obtaining a metal from the compound in which it occurs naturally.

An estimate made beyond the measured range by extending an observed trend.