Key terms & definitions

The ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to working muscles so that physical activity can continue for a prolonged period; also called stamina.

The ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to working muscles during sustained physical activity.

The heart, blood and blood vessels that circulate blood around the body.

Support for a sick person, such as food, shelter, cleanliness and comfort, whether or not the illness can be cured.

Providing treatment and support for people with mental health problems in their local community rather than relying on long-term stays in psychiatric hospitals.

In Never Let Me Go, a clone who supports other clones during their organ donations, before beginning donations themselves.

Goods carried by a ship or another form of transport.

Indigenous Caribbean peoples whom Columbus contrasted with the Taínos and portrayed as fierce and hostile.

A representation that exaggerates recognisable characteristics to expose or ridicule them.

A deliberately simplified or exaggerated portrayal that reduces a person or group to a few recognisable characteristics.

Large-scale killing or bloodshed.

One of the small bones at the wrist. Collectively, these are the carpals.

The principle of seizing the present opportunity because life, youth and future happiness are uncertain.

A hostile nickname for Northerners who moved to the South after the Civil War; they included teachers, former soldiers, officials and businessmen.

In Toby’s description of Andrew in Act 3 Scene 4, this means receiving knighthood at court rather than earning it through service in battle.

A large, ocean-going sailing vessel used for trade or warfare.

A treatment that washed wounds with a sodium hypochlorite antiseptic solution to combat infection.

An individual who has one recessive disorder allele and one dominant unaffected allele, does not have the disorder, but can pass on the recessive allele.

A person who has one copy of a recessive allele causing a disorder, does not have that disorder, but can pass the allele to their offspring.

Meat from an animal that has died rather than being lawfully slaughtered, for example through disease or an accident.

A value passed into the next column to the left when a column total is too large to fit in one digit.

The level of use an environment can support without unacceptable damage; it varies with local conditions.

President Carter’s January 1980 declaration that the USA would use force if necessary to protect the Persian Gulf from outside domination.

A system for locating points using two perpendicular number lines, usually called the $x$-axis and $y$-axis.

A two-dimensional grid with a horizontal $x$-axis and a vertical $y$-axis, used to locate points.

Carthage’s governing council, which helped direct the war effort and ordered Hannibal to return from Italy to defend Carthage.

Strong connective tissue covering the ends of bones at a joint, reducing friction and absorbing shock.

Opaque drawing paper with a slightly rough surface, commonly used for pencil sketches and ink drawings.

Removing wood selectively to create a decorative pattern or three-dimensional form.

An enclosure that houses and protects a product’s components.