Key terms & definitions

A method of clearing land by cutting vegetation and then burning it.

Untidy or careless in personal appearance or habits; the word Miss Scatcherd uses to condemn Helen Burns.

A person legally owned by another person and required to work under their authority.

An economy in which enslaved people’s forced labour is central to producing goods and generating wealth for those who control their labour.

A set of laws regulating enslaved people and slave owners, used by colonial authorities to maintain slavery.

Colonial laws that regulated slavery, restricted enslaved people’s freedom and protected slaveholders’ control over them.

A port from which merchants organised and ships undertook voyages trading in enslaved people.

Actions by enslaved people to challenge their captivity or their enslavers’ control, including escape and organised revolt.

A system in which people are treated as property, deprived of freedom and forced to work for others.

A system in which people are treated as property, with others claiming ownership of them and control over their labour and freedom.

People who were owned by others and lacked personal freedom.

A US state in which slavery was legally permitted.

The buying, selling and transportation of enslaved people.

The desire for Slavic peoples to gain independence from foreign rule or unite politically. In the Balkans, this challenged Austria-Hungary’s control over South Slavs.

Habits and environmental conditions that support regular, good-quality sleep.

Difficulty staying asleep, involving repeated waking or waking too early and struggling to return to sleep.

Difficulty falling asleep at the beginning of a sleep period.

Software that divides a digital 3D model into layers and prepares instructions for a 3D printer.

Extracting part of a sequence by specifying its start and stop positions.

Cutting food into thin pieces of a consistent thickness.

A moving component constrained by a guide to travel along a straight path.

The downhill movement of a mass of rock or soil along a relatively straight, planar slip surface.

The deliberate damaging of a fortification to prevent it being used for military defence.

A gently sloping sediment deposit on the inside of a meander.

Two complete conducting rings that maintain contact between a rotating coil and an external circuit.

Small hand stitches concealed mainly within a fabric fold, with tiny catches in the main fabric to secure it discreetly.

A short, memorable phrase used to promote an idea or cause, such as the animals’ repeated statement about four legs and two legs.

A representation of the shape of the ground along a line, showing changes in height and slope.

Measures such as planting vegetation or regrading a coastal slope to reduce the risk of mass movement.

Deep sleep characterised by slow delta brain waves; stages 3 and 4 in the five-stage sleep model.