Key terms & definitions

Forming a curve in a material to change its shape and how it responds to forces.

Monks or nuns who follow the Rule of St Benedict, organising their lives around prayer, work and religious discipline.

A service of Eucharistic worship that includes a blessing with the Blessed Sacrament.

Someone who has provided help or a gift to another person. Syloson claimed this status when seeking a reward from Darius.

A person who provides money or other support to help someone. In Great Expectations, Magwitch is Pip’s secret benefactor.

Someone who gives help or support. In Jane Eyre, the description of Mrs Reed as Jane’s benefactress conflicts with Jane’s experience of her cruelty.

Goodness, generosity and loving kindness. Muslims believe Allah is the source of goodness.

A possible advantage or positive outcome arising from an action or decision.

A helpful or desirable outcome for an individual, group or the environment.

A favourable effect of a course of action, such as improved health, safety or quality of life.

Someone who dishonestly claims benefits to which they are not entitled.

The right to be tried in a Church court rather than a secular court, originally intended for clergy but extended to others who could pass a reading test.

Total estimated benefits divided by total estimated costs. A ratio above 1 means that estimated benefits exceed estimated costs.

Kindness and a desire to help others.

Being loving and good; a quality Christians attribute to God.

All-loving or perfectly good. Believers may interpret healing and rescue miracles as evidence of God’s care.

The campaign for Bengali to be recognised as a state language of Pakistan, remembered particularly through the protesters killed in Dhaka on 21 February 1952.

Describes a non-cancerous tumour that remains contained in one area and does not invade other tissues.

A non-cancerous tumour that remains contained in one area and does not invade surrounding tissues.

A growth of abnormal cells contained in one area, usually within a membrane, which does not invade other tissues.

The family, friends and others who are grieving because someone has died.

The experience of losing someone through death.

The operation in which American and British aircraft supplied West Berlin with essentials, including food and fuel, during the Soviet blockade.

The Soviet closure of road, rail and water routes into West Berlin from 24 June 1948 to 12 May 1949, intended to pressure the Western Allies.

A guarded border barrier erected by East German authorities, with Soviet backing, from August 1961 to prevent people escaping through West Berlin.

Specially designed and made for a particular customer.

A date indicating how long a food should retain its expected quality when stored correctly, rather than a safety deadline.

An approach to marking in which an examiner selects the level that most closely describes the overall quality of an answer, then decides the mark within that level.

A smooth line or curve drawn to represent the overall pattern of plotted data.

A line drawn through the centre of a scatter of points to summarise their overall relationship.