Key terms & definitions

A rapid, automatic response to a stimulus that does not require conscious thought.

A rapid, automatic response to a stimulus that does not involve the conscious part of the brain.

An angle greater than 180° but less than 360°.

The pathway taken by nerve impulses to produce a reflex action.

The pathway taken by nervous signals during a reflex action, from a receptor through the central nervous system to an effector.

A rapid, automatic response to a stimulus that occurs without conscious control.

Planting trees to restore woodland or forest.

Planting trees to restore or establish forest, allowing growing trees to take in carbon dioxide by photosynthesis.

Replanting trees in an area where forest has been removed.

A change intended to improve an institution, law or practice without necessarily replacing the whole political system.

Helping an offender change their behaviour so that they do not commit further crimes.

A law changing the electoral system, including who could vote or how places were represented in Parliament.

A movement challenging the teachings and authority of the Catholic Church, which led to the establishment of Protestant Churches.

Helping an offender change their behaviour so that they no longer commit crimes.

Reshaping existing material into a new form, for example heating and vacuum forming a thermoplastic sheet.

A Jewish tradition that adapts Jewish practice to changing circumstances while maintaining Jewish faith and identity.

The ray that travels through the second substance after crossing a boundary.

The bending of light as it passes between materials; lenses use this to change where light rays come to a focus.

A change in direction when a wave crosses a boundary and changes speed.

The change in direction of a wave caused by a change in its speed when it passes between different media.

A measure of how strongly a material slows and refracts light; a higher refractive index means that light travels more slowly in the material.

A repeated word, phrase or passage in a poem or song.

A source of shelter and guidance. Buddhists take refuge in the Buddha, the Dhamma and the Sangha.

A person who has fled their country because of dangers such as war or persecution.

A person outside their country who needs international protection because they cannot safely return, for example because of persecution or conflict.

A person outside their country who cannot or will not seek its protection because of a well-founded fear of persecution. The 1951 Refugee Convention identifies race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group and political opinion as grounds for that persecution.

A person who has fled their country to seek safety from persecution or conflict.

A person outside their country who cannot safely return because of a well-founded fear of persecution.

People forced to leave their homes because of dangers such as war or persecution.

Choosing not to use a material, process or product because it is environmentally harmful or unnecessary.