Key terms & definitions

Processing waste materials so that they can be used to make new products.

The processing of waste materials so that they can be used again as resources.

Processing a used material so that it can be made into a new product.

Processing waste materials so that they can be used again rather than discarded.

Processing waste materials so that they can be used to make new products.

Processing waste to recover materials that can be used to make new products.

Processing waste material into material that can be used to make new products.

Deng’s description of people who combined loyalty to socialism with specialist knowledge and professional competence.

The armed forces organised by the Bolsheviks to defend their government during the Russian Civil War.

A biconcave blood cell containing haemoglobin and specialised to transport oxygen.

A specialised cell that transports oxygen using haemoglobin.

A blood cell containing haemoglobin that transports oxygen around the body.

The number of red blood cells in the blood. Red blood cells carry oxygen.

A blood cell that transports oxygen using haemoglobin.

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation: a UN strategy that uses financial incentives to encourage forest protection and reduce emissions from forest loss and damage.

Admission to a town or city’s formal freedom by purchase rather than through apprenticeship.

Moral or spiritual recovery from wrongdoing; in a Christian reading, deliverance from sin.

Deliverance from suffering or oppression; in beliefs about the Messianic Age, the hoped-for transformation towards peace and justice.

Payments former Russian serfs were required to make to the state for land allocated after emancipation in 1861.

The effectiveness of Jesus’ saving work in freeing humanity from sin and opening communion with God.

Improvement of the physical environment, for example by clearing old buildings and constructing new housing or business premises.

A pottery technique in which figures retain the reddish colour of the clay against a black background, allowing details to be drawn within the figures.

A pottery-painting technique in which figures retain the reddish colour of the clay against a dark background.

An expanded star formed after a Sun-sized star runs low on hydrogen in its core.

Armed workers who supported the revolution and provided an important part of the force used in the Bolshevik takeover of Petrograd.

A misleading clue that directs attention away from the real explanation. The apparent connection between Grace Poole and the laughter distracts Jane from Bertha’s existence.

Moving parliamentary seats between constituencies so that representation better reflects where people live.

The collection of goods by a central authority and their subsequent allocation to other people or uses.

A discriminatory lending practice in which banks denied mortgages or other loans in particular neighbourhoods, often because of their racial composition.

Indicator paper that turns blue under alkaline conditions.