Key terms & definitions

A name indicating that a work has been attributed to Xenophon but is not accepted as his. The author of the work known as the Old Oligarch remains unidentified.

A Mycenaean human figurine type with upraised arms, giving an outline resembling the Greek letter Ψ.

Music using experimental sounds, recording effects and sometimes unusual instruments, associated with the counterculture of the later 1960s.

A style of rock music associated with the 1960s which used experimental sounds, recording effects and unusual instruments, influenced partly by experiences of hallucinogenic drugs.

A therapeutic method developed by Freud that seeks to uncover unconscious conflicts through techniques such as dream analysis and free association.

An audience characteristic based on interests, attitudes, values or lifestyle.

Grouping audiences by their values, attitudes, interests and lifestyles.

Dividing an audience according to perceived interests, lifestyles, attitudes and aspirations.

An adverse effect on a person’s mental or emotional well-being, such as anxiety, humiliation or distress caused by research.

Damage to a person's mental wellbeing, such as severe anxiety, distress or reduced self-esteem, caused by taking part in research.

Overcoming an internalised sense of inferiority and recognising one’s own dignity and ability to act. Black Consciousness regarded this as essential to political liberation.

Becoming mentally ready for an activity by improving focus, confidence and readiness to perform.

Setting a price to influence customers’ perception of value, such as charging £9.99 rather than £10.

Unusually restless movement or activity, which may occur during depression.

Unusually slowed movement and activity, which may occur during depression.

A disturbance in a person’s experience of reality, which can involve hallucinations or delusions.

A psychological treatment in which a person works with a therapist to understand and manage thoughts, feelings and behaviour.

A personality dimension associated with traits such as aggression, coldness and low empathy. It is not the same as a diagnosis of psychosis.

The royal family descended from Ptolemy I that ruled Egypt; Cleopatra VII was its last ruling queen.

A dynasty of Macedonian origin that ruled Egypt after Alexander the Great’s death; Cleopatra VII belonged to this ruling family.

The stage of development when reproductive hormones cause the body to become sexually mature and secondary sex characteristics develop.

The stage of development when reproductive hormones cause the body to become sexually mature and secondary sex characteristics to develop.

An organisation carrying out public functions, such as a government department, state school or public hospital.

A group of MPs that examines a bill in detail, usually line by line, and considers proposed amendments.

A process in which a public body invites people to give their views on a proposal before a decision is made.

An examination set by a central examination board, such as a GCSE examination.

The carrying out of a death sentence in front of spectators.

Money spent by government on services, support and other public purposes.

Measures taken to protect the health of a community, such as supplying clean water and disposing of waste.

A punishment that exposes an offender to shame and ridicule in front of other people.