Key terms & definitions

An initial statistical estimate that may change when more information becomes available or methods are improved.

The temporary government established after Tsar Nicholas II abdicated in March 1917. It continued Russia’s involvement in the First World War.

A republican paramilitary organisation which sought British withdrawal from Northern Ireland and a united Ireland through an armed campaign.

An agreement imposed on Henry III in 1258 that increased baronial control over government and restricted the king’s freedom to make decisions.

An appeal to the Roman people against a magistrate’s exercise of punitive authority.

The use of physical distance and positioning between characters on stage to communicate relationships, power or emotion.

The distances and positions between characters within an image, which can suggest their relationships.

The first coiled section of the nephron tubule after Bowman’s capsule, where glucose is reabsorbed.

Closeness to something, such as customers, workers, suppliers or rival businesses.

The physical closeness of people or things to one another.

How close a business is to its customers or potential customers.

How close a business is to the customers it aims to serve.

A convenient measurement that represents another quantity; for a fixed reaction endpoint, $1/t$ can represent relative rate.

Indirect evidence used to estimate past conditions when direct measurements are unavailable, such as evidence from tree rings or gases trapped in ice cores.

Indirect evidence used to reconstruct past climatic conditions, such as pollen, tree rings or the chemical composition of ice.

An indirect measurement used to reconstruct past conditions when direct measurements are unavailable, such as evidence from ice cores or tree rings.

A conflict in which outside powers support opposing sides rather than openly fighting a war against each other.

Careful consideration of practical consequences, especially financial security.

Practical wisdom that enables someone to recognise what is good and choose appropriate means of achieving it.

The fifty members from one tribe who served in turn as the acting committee of the Athenian Council of Five Hundred.

One of the ten administrative divisions of the Athenian year, during which one tribe’s fifty councillors served as the council’s executive group.

A sacred poem or song from the Old Testament Book of Psalms, used in prayer and worship.

The revelation given by Allah to Dawud (David), known in Arabic as the Zabur and associated with prayers and songs of praise.

Planed Square Edge: timber with smooth, planed faces and square edges. Merchants commonly use PSE and PAR for the same type of finished rectangular stock.

A structured, text-based description of an algorithm that is not tied to the syntax of a particular programming language.

A written representation of an algorithm using programming-like instructions without requiring the exact syntax of a particular programming language.

A friendship group that performs some of the supportive functions normally associated with a family.

A name used by an author instead of their own name when publishing.

A false name used instead of a participant’s real name to help protect their identity.

A number generated mathematically that appears random. Understanding the algorithm that generates it is not required for this topic.