Key terms & definitions

An area with less investment, weaker infrastructure and fewer economic opportunities than the core.

The less-developed economies that depend on the core for markets and sell it relatively low-value raw materials in Frank’s dependency theory.

A less economically developed region with relatively limited investment, employment opportunities or access to services compared with the core.

A naval manoeuvre in which ships move around the end of an enemy line to attack from the side or rear.

Waves of muscular contraction that move food and waste along the digestive tract.

A colonnaded walkway surrounding an open courtyard or garden.

Knowingly giving false testimony under oath.

A collection of rabbinic ethical teachings within the Mishnah, also spelt Pirkei Avot and commonly translated as ‘Ethics of the Fathers’.

Designing food-growing and living systems to work with natural processes, conserve resources and minimise waste.

Ground that remains frozen for at least two consecutive years.

An employment contract with no agreed end date, continuing until the employee leaves or the employment is ended.

A lasting change in a material’s shape that remains after the shaping force is removed.

A boundary established in 1834 intended to separate Indigenous lands in the west from white settlement, guarded by army forts.

A connection that cannot normally be separated without damaging the joint or removing and destroying its fastener.

A magnet that produces its own magnetic field.

A magnet that produces its own magnetic field and retains its magnetism without needing to be placed in another magnetic field.

Trotsky’s view that revolution needed to spread internationally rather than remain confined to the USSR.

The most senior civil servant in a government department.

The lasting settlement of major disputed questions, including borders, refugees and Jerusalem, rather than temporary arrangements for self-government.

A fluid-filled space in a plant cell that contains cell sap and helps keep the cell rigid.

A fluid-filled compartment in a plant cell that contains cell sap and helps support the cell.

The ability of a material to allow water to pass through it.

The ease with which a substance can pass through a surface.

Rock or another material that allows water to pass through it.

Able to allow a substance, such as water, to pass through.

A rule controlling what a user is allowed to do with a resource, such as read, edit or delete a file.

Greater acceptance of behaviour, especially sexual behaviour, that had previously been strongly disapproved of.

A society more tolerant of individual choices and less committed to enforcing traditional restrictions on private behaviour.

An arrangement of objects in a particular order. Changing the order gives a different permutation.

A direction at 90° to a surface; also described as normal to the surface.