Key terms & definitions

Tiny particles suspended in air, including solid carbon particles from fuel combustion.

Tiny particles suspended in the air, including those released by diesel exhausts, which contribute to air pollution.

Tiny solid particles suspended in the air, including soot or carbon particles.

Tiny solid particles or liquid droplets suspended in the air, which may include soot and unburned hydrocarbons.

Resistance fighters who use guerrilla warfare against an occupying army, often operating behind enemy lines.

The division of a territory into separate political states, such as the division of British India into India and Pakistan.

The division of British India into the independent states of India and Pakistan in August 1947, accompanied by mass migration and violence.

A business owned by two or more partners who share responsibility for running it.

A ratio comparing one share with another share; neither number represents the total.

A structured record of the components, materials and quantities needed to assemble a product; also called a bill of materials.

A unit of concentration meaning parts per million. A CO₂ concentration of 400 ppm means approximately 400 CO₂ molecules for every million air molecules.

A unit of concentration. For atmospheric gases, 316 ppm means 316 molecules of that gas per million molecules of air.

Employment involving fewer working hours than an equivalent full-time role.

Working fewer hours than the normal full-time working week in that business.

A ratio comparing one part of a quantity with another part.

A ratio comparing one part of a quantity with the complete quantity.

A ratio comparing one share with the entire quantity; the other share is the total minus that share.

For Weber, an organised group seeking political or social power; this includes political parties, pressure groups and interest groups.

A local Communist Party official responsible for implementing policies and reporting results.

A telephone connection shared by separate households, so that one subscriber’s use can prevent another from making a call.

An electoral system in which seats are allocated to parties according to their votes, and representatives are selected from party lists.

Cyrus’ royal capital and residence, containing palaces, gardens and monumental buildings, and associated with his burial.

The SI unit of pressure; one pascal is one newton per square metre.

A metric unit of pressure equal to one newton per square metre.

The SI unit of pressure; one pascal is equal to one newton per square metre.

A triangular arrangement of numbers with $1$ at each edge and each interior number equal to the sum of the two numbers immediately above it. Row $n$, counting the top as row zero, gives the coefficients for expanding $(a+b)^n$.

The Easter candle representing the risen Christ, which is placed beside the coffin during a Catholic funeral.

Jesus Christ’s saving suffering, death, resurrection and ascension.

A traversal through the items being checked by an algorithm; in bubble sort, a pass compares successive adjacent pairs.

Customers attracted to a business because they pass its premises, rather than making a planned journey specifically to visit it.