Key terms & definitions

The first woman in Greek mythology, created by the gods as Zeus’ punishment for mankind after Prometheus stole fire. Her name means ‘all gifts’.

The practice of sitting together in rows to share langar as equals.

A rush to sell assets because owners fear further losses, which can drive prices down even more.

The ‘five beloved ones’: originally the first five Sikhs initiated into the Khalsa; today, five initiated Sikhs who administer Amrit Sanskar.

The ‘Five Beloved Ones’: the first five Sikhs initiated into the Khalsa by Guru Gobind Singh.

An athletic contest combining boxing and wrestling, which could continue on the ground until an opponent submitted.

Wisdom or insight into the true nature of reality; the wisdom grouping includes right understanding and right intention.

The gods worshipped within a particular religious tradition, considered as a group.

A Roman performance form in which a masked dancer told a story through movement and gesture, accompanied by music and a chorus.

A poetic form made of four-line stanzas in which the second and fourth lines return as the first and third lines of the next stanza, sometimes with small changes. Its ending often returns to its opening.

The office and authority of the pope, the head of the Roman Catholic Church.

An official document issued by the pope.

Special permission from the Pope to make an exception to a rule of Church law.

A spiritual concession granted through the pope’s authority concerning the consequences of sin. Urban II’s crusading indulgence offered remission of sins to those undertaking the expedition for sincere religious reasons.

A representative appointed to act with the Pope’s authority.

A representative appointed to act with the pope’s authority. Adhemar, Bishop of Le Puy, was appointed to represent Urban on the expedition.

The claim that the pope held supreme authority over the whole Christian Church.

A stiff, paper-based sheet material used to give packaging strength and maintain its shape.

A method of separating soluble substances as a solvent carries them through paper at different speeds.

A technique that separates soluble substances in a mixture because they move at different rates as a solvent travels through paper.

Using the arrangement of cuts, folds and joints in paper or card to create structures or moving features.

A writing material on which texts could be written in ink and arranged in columns on a scroll.

Timber planed smooth on all four long faces. Planing removes material, so the finished cross-section is smaller than the original sawn cross-section.

A story that teaches a moral or spiritual lesson through its characters and events.

A short story using familiar experiences to communicate a religious or spiritual teaching.

Jesus' teaching in Matthew 25:31–46 in which people are separated at judgement according to whether they have cared for those in need.

The smooth curved graph of a quadratic function.

John Milton’s epic poem, first published in 1667, about Satan’s rebellion and the temptation and fall of Adam and Eve.

A seemingly contradictory statement that reveals a meaningful truth.

A group of sentences developing a connected idea or focus; a new paragraph signals a meaningful change.