Key terms & definitions

The founder of Sikhism and the first Sikh Guru, whose teachings emphasise remembering God rather than displaying powers to impress others.

A reinforcing piece attached across a joint; in frame modelling, a triangular card piece glued over the meeting timber strips.

The opening course of a Roman dinner, containing foods intended to stimulate the appetite, such as eggs, olives and lettuce.

A small book containing Sikh prayers, used for daily recitation.

An outline medium used on silk to form a barrier that prevents silk paint spreading across the outline.

A North-of-England spirit in the stories Jane remembers, which appears as a horse, mule or large dog and haunts lonely roads.

A legal safeguard allowing the lawfulness of a person’s detention to be challenged in court.

An industrial process in which nitrogen and hydrogen react under controlled conditions to manufacture ammonia.

The industrial manufacture of ammonia by reacting nitrogen with hydrogen using an iron catalyst at 450 °C and 200 atmospheres.

The place where an organism lives, providing the conditions and resources it needs to survive.

The natural environment in which an organism lives.

The place and conditions in which an organism lives and obtains the resources it needs.

The place where an organism lives.

The replacement of a natural habitat with another land use, such as a crop plantation.

The loss or damage of the natural environment in which organisms live, removing the food, shelter and other conditions they need.

The breaking up of a continuous habitat into smaller, separated areas.

The division of a habitat into smaller, separated areas.

The division of a continuous habitat into smaller, separated areas, for example by roads or cleared pipeline routes.

The destruction or removal of the place where an organism normally lives.

The restoration of a damaged habitat so that it can support its communities of organisms again.

Repairing a damaged habitat by improving its conditions and restoring the natural processes that support wildlife.

An Arabic word meaning ‘beloved woman’, used in Sudan to refer to a grandmother.

The ruling dynasty to which Charles V belonged. His possessions included Spain as well as territories associated with the Holy Roman Empire.

Gaining unauthorised access to a computer or computer system.

Gaining unauthorised access to a computer system.

Pieces of silver, including cut coins and jewellery, used for payment according to their weight.

A prescribed penalty in Islamic law for certain offences; distinct from qisas.

A report of Muhammad’s sayings or actions; collections of these reports help Muslims understand and follow his example.

The process of gathering Hadith reports into collections and examining their reliability.

An account of Muhammad’s speech at Khumm, understood by Shi’a Muslims as appointing Ali as his successor and by Sunni Muslims as affirming that Ali should be held in high regard.