Key terms & definitions

The relaxation phase of a heart chamber, during which it fills with blood.

An explanation in which an underlying vulnerability combines with environmental stresses or experiences to produce a disorder.

A particle or molecule made from two atoms; elemental halogens exist as diatomic molecules such as $Cl_2$.

A molecule containing two atoms joined by a covalent bond.

A molecule containing two atoms, such as $\mathrm{Cl_2}$.

An organic compound containing two bromine atoms and only single bonds between its carbon atoms.

A carboxylic acid molecule containing two carboxylic acid groups, $\mathrm{-COOH}$.

A cut that produces cubes of a consistent size.

A tool that identifies an organism through a sequence of choices between two alternative descriptions of its features.

Cutting food into small cubes.

A Roman magistrate appointed temporarily with exceptional authority to deal with a particular task or emergency.

An official granted exceptional governing powers. Caesar's appointment as dictator for life removed the temporary limit associated with the Roman office.

A system of government in which a ruler or ruling group exercises power without effective democratic checks or freely organised political opposition.

A system of rule in which a leader or ruling group holds power without meaningful public accountability or freedom to oppose it.

A political system in which power is concentrated in a dictator who rules through force.

A data structure that stores key–value pairs. A Python dictionary can represent a record, with keys acting as field names.

The peace terms issued on 31 October 1266, allowing rebels to recover confiscated lands by paying substantial fines.

Intended to teach a lesson, especially a moral lesson. A didactic play uses its characters and events to encourage audiences to reconsider their beliefs or behaviour.

Poetry intended to teach or instruct. Hesiod’s Works and Days uses myth to explain human suffering and convey lessons.

A text intended to teach a lesson, particularly a moral lesson about how people should behave.

Writing intended to teach a lesson, particularly a moral lesson about how people should behave.

A shaping tool with an opening through which material is forced; in extrusion, its profile determines the product’s cross-section.

A process that presses a specially shaped die against paper or board to repeatedly produce the required cuts, creases or perforations.

The fictional world of a story, including its characters, places and events.

Sound whose source belongs within the story world, such as dialogue, footsteps or a car engine.

Sound originating within the world of the story, such as music playing from a character’s radio.

The Spanish governor of Cuba who attempted to remove Cortés from command of the expedition to Mexico.

A naval manoeuvre in which ships pass through gaps in an enemy line to gain a position from which to attack.

The food and drink a person regularly consumes.

The food and drink a person habitually consumes.