Key terms & definitions

Discouraging offending through the threat or experience of punishment.

Discouraging an action through the threat or expectation of an undesirable consequence.

Discouraging crime through the prospect or experience of punishment.

A measure intended to discourage an action by making its possible consequences frightening or costly.

Something intended to discourage an action through fear of its consequences, such as the threat of retaliation discouraging an attack.

Something intended to discourage an action, such as the possibility of a fine discouraging speeding.

The loss of fitness adaptations when training is reduced or stopped.

Dead material from living organisms, such as fallen leaves and animal remains.

Pope Benedict XVI’s 2005 encyclical, meaning ‘God is love’, which explains the connection between God’s love and the Church’s service of others.

An Old Testament book accepted by Catholics as fully sacred Scripture but not included in the Hebrew Jewish canon or most Protestant biblical canons.

A heavenly being who may be more powerful, happier and longer-lived than a human, but remains subject to impermanence and rebirth.

A Buddhist discourse in which the Buddha challenges the Niganthas' account of suffering and explains the difference between fruitless and fruitful effort.

A country with a high level of economic development and generally high living standards.

A company or team that creates a video game, including its programming, artwork, sound and gameplay.

Improvement in people’s standard of living and quality of life, including income, health and education.

The work needed to turn a promising substance into a medicine suitable for thorough testing and possible use in patients.

Improving an employee’s abilities over time so they can take on greater responsibilities or meet future business needs.

Changes in physical abilities, thinking, emotions and social behaviour across a person's life.

Long-term improvement in people's living conditions, opportunities and ability to meet their needs.

Long-term assistance intended to improve a country's ability to meet people's needs and support economic progress.

A sliding scale of economic development, rather than a division into only rich and poor countries.

The difference in wealth and quality of life between more-developed and less-developed countries or populations.

A statistic used to assess an aspect of economic development or quality of life.

A planned approach to improving people’s living standards and economic opportunities.

A specified improvement that development efforts aim to achieve, against which progress can be assessed.

Behaviour that is immoral or seriously breaks the rules and accepted norms of sport, such as cheating or deliberate violence.

Behaviour that departs from a society’s or group’s norms and expectations; it does not necessarily break the law.

A process in which public and media reactions to deviance encourage further deviant behaviour.

A process through which a person becomes increasingly involved in deviance and develops a deviant identity over time.

Shared beliefs and values within a group that justify and support behaviour defined as deviant by wider society.