Key terms & definitions

Straight lines on a map that join the start and end of journeys, showing the connections between places rather than the routes actually taken.

The process of moving away from offending and sustaining a life without crime.

Removal of size, such as starch applied to yarns to protect them during weaving.

Removing a fruit or vegetable's skin, often after heat has loosened it, rather than cutting it away with a peeler.

Overwhelming unhappiness associated with the loss of hope.

A ruler who exercises oppressive power for personal purposes rather than the community’s good.

Severely controlling and demanding obedience, with little regard for another person’s freedom.

Rule through absolute authority, with little respect for another person’s freedom or wishes.

Khrushchev’s policy of criticising Stalin’s rule and moving away from some of his methods of government.

The removal of stored starch from a plant before an investigation, usually by keeping the plant in darkness for about 24 hours.

Removing stored starch from a plant by keeping it in darkness, so that the plant uses its starch reserves without replacing them through photosynthesis.

Extreme poverty in which a person lacks the money and resources needed for food, shelter and other necessities.

A boundary where plates move together and a denser oceanic plate sinks beneath another plate.

A plate boundary where plates move towards each other and one plate is forced beneath another into the mantle.

Following an order that causes harm to another person.

A plate boundary where plates move towards each other and one plate is forced beneath another, allowing crust to be recycled into the mantle.

A wave whose backwash is stronger than its swash, tending to remove sediment from a beach.

The removal of sulfur or sulfur compounds from a fuel or from gases produced when the fuel burns.

Freedom from excessive attachment to possessions and outcomes, without abandoning responsible action or care for others.

The recognition that a disease is present, usually from symptoms, signs, measurements or test results.

A police officer specialising in investigating crimes and gathering evidence.

A narrative genre in which an investigator uses clues and reasoning to uncover the explanation of a crime.

A court sentence involving detention in secure accommodation for young people and training intended to help prevent further offending.

Holding a person in custody without putting them on trial.

A substance that breaks down the fatty cell membrane, helping to release DNA from cells.

A cleaning substance that helps remove grease and dirt.

The commitment to keep working towards a goal despite difficulties or setbacks.

The view that behaviour is caused by forces rather than freely chosen; situational determinism emphasises external social circumstances.

Discouraging an opponent from attacking by making the likely consequences too costly or dangerous.

Discouraging an attack by making an opponent fear the consequences, such as retaliation.