Key terms & definitions

A logical argument using general algebraic expressions to establish that a statement is true for every value covered by its conditions.

The All-Forgiving: Allah repeatedly forgives those who sincerely turn back to him.

An Islamic name for Allah meaning ‘the All-forgiving’.

A precise sequence of steps for completing a task or solving a problem.

How economically an algorithm uses processing time and memory to complete its task.

A tendency in a computer system's decisions that produces unfair outcomes, such as favouring one group over another.

The process of developing precise, step-by-step instructions to solve a problem.

Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law, regarded by Shi’a Muslims as the first Imam and rightful successor to Muhammad.

An assumed name used instead of a person’s original name.

Evidence or an account that a suspect was somewhere else when a crime occurred.

Evidence that a person was elsewhere when a crime took place. Thaddeus Sholto’s movements are accounted for, disproving Jones’s accusation.

A medieval legal category for someone born outside England who was not an English subject.

Land transferred away from its previous holder.

A feeling of separation from other people or exclusion from their society.

A feeling of separation, powerlessness or lack of fulfilment. In Marxist explanations, capitalist work can alienate workers because they have little control over their work and its products.

A British law restricting immigration, passed in 1905 after campaigning in which hostility towards Jewish immigrants played an important part.

Direct taxes collected from non-English residents in England between 1440 and 1487.

A tax imposed on foreign-born residents. The 1440 alien subsidy charged different annual amounts to householders and non-householders, with exemptions for some groups.

The way a film directs spectators’ attention towards a character and their experiences.

A precisely measured portion of a solution, commonly transferred using a volumetric pipette.

The honour of being called up during the synagogue’s Torah reading to recite the accompanying blessings.

A soluble base that produces hydroxide ions, $OH^-(aq)$, in aqueous solution.

A soluble base that produces an alkaline solution in water, with a pH greater than 7.

A metal in Group 1 of the periodic table, such as lithium, sodium or potassium.

A Group 1 metal whose atoms have one electron in their outer shell and form ions with a charge of $+1$ by losing that electron.

The reactive metals in the first column of the periodic table, whose atoms each have one electron in their outer shell.

Describes a solution with a pH above 7.

A battery using an alkaline electrolyte, normally designed for single use in products such as clocks, torches and toys.

A solution containing hydroxide ions, $OH^-(aq)$; it has a pH above 7.

A solution with a pH greater than 7.