Key terms & definitions

An intended outcome: what you want to achieve, improve or change.

The spread of a pathogen through the air, for example in droplets breathed out by a person or in wind-blown fungal spores.

A warship from which aircraft can take off and on which they can land.

A large body of air with broadly similar temperature and moisture characteristics, acquired over the region where it forms.

The release of harmful gases or particles into the atmosphere.

A frictional force acting on an object moving through air, opposing its movement through the air.

Drying timber naturally by allowing air to circulate around stacked boards.

A Sikh campaign to reform gurdwara management and restore community control, which used organised non-violent resistance.

A Sikh institution in Amritsar with authority over temporal matters: matters concerning the community’s worldly affairs.

An uninterrupted reading of the entire Guru Granth Sahib, usually taking about 48 hours. Also spelt ‘Akhand Path’.

An uninterrupted reading of the entire Guru Granth Sahib, normally completed by a team of readers over about 48 hours.

The Islamic belief in life after death.

A Nazi programme chiefly targeting adults with disabilities in institutions for murder, authorised by Hitler in October 1939. It was distinct from the child killing programme begun in 1939.

A squat storage vessel, often with three small handles near its neck; Mycenaean examples probably held ointments or perfumed preparations.

A name of Allah meaning ‘The Just’.

The city founded by Ascanius and ruled by the royal line from which Romulus and Remus descended.

The proportion of incoming radiation reflected by a surface.

A four-line verse pattern originating in Greek lyric poetry and adapted into Latin by Horace, including in Odes 3.2.

An early tradition of experimenting with substances, including attempts to turn ordinary metals into gold and discover an elixir of life.

An aristocratic Athenian family exiled by the Peisistratid tyrants, which helped bring about Hippias’ removal.

An organic compound containing an –OH functional group attached to a carbon atom.

Firm to the bite; the desired cooked texture of pasta and some vegetables, rather than a hard, uncooked centre.

The highest level of Jannah, or paradise, in Islamic teaching.

Photosynthetic organisms that commonly live in water; algae began producing oxygen long before plants evolved.

Organisms that can photosynthesise, many of which live in water. Early algae produced oxygen that began to accumulate in the atmosphere.

A rapid increase in the growth of algae in water.

A connected sequence of mathematical statements used to justify a conclusion.

A mathematical expression made from numbers, variables and operations, such as $3x+5$, without an equals sign stating that two expressions are equal.

An algebraic expression written as one expression divided by another, with a denominator that must not equal zero.

A mathematical representation of a real situation, relationship or procedure.